A family history of rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, or celiac disease is associated with a higher risk of developing autism spectrum disorders in children, a recent study found.

    A group of Danish and U.S. researchers collected medical data on all children born in Denmark to Danish mothers between 1993 and 2004 and matched these children with their parents' and siblings' hospital records. Any diagnoses of autoimmune diseases identified before the children were diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder were analyzed for possible correlations with the children's risk for such a disorder.

    Among 689,196 children, 3,325 had a diagnosis of an autism spectrum disorder. Rheumatoid arthritis in mothers was associated with a 70 percent increase in the risk of autism spectrum disorders in children （risk ratio 1.70, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] 1.07 to 2.54）. Mothers'celiac disease was associated with nearly three times the risk of autism spectrum disorders compared with children of mothers who did not have celiac disease （risk ratio 2.97, 95 percent CI 1.27 to 5.75）. Family history of type 1 diabetes, with parents and siblings included, was associated with a statistically significant increase in the risk of the childhood autism diagnosis （risk ratio 1.78, 1.16 to 2.61）, but not the risk of the overall class of autism spectrum disorders.

    These risk associations remained statistically significant even after the authors limited the analyses to children who were born neither pre-term nor underweight and who had no obvious distress at birth （Apgar score above 6）. This suggests that the observations cannot be entirely explained by detrimental effects on the fetus due to the mother's autoimmune disease. Combined with other research evidence, the authors speculated that certain autoimmune diseases may share a common genetic root with autism.

    Other autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and Crohn's disease, in parents and siblings were not significantly associated with autism spectrum disorders in the study children. Furthermore, a family history of thyrotoxicosis was the only autoimmune disease studied that was associated with a lower risk of autism spectrum disorder.

    The study was published in the August Pediatrics and was funded by grants from the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health and the Aarhus University Research Foundation in Denmark.

    Because of the nationalized health care and central medical registries in Denmark, decades of complete medical data of all Danish citizens in the databases provide a valuable resource for epidemiologic research. In a study published in the February 21, 2004, British Medical Journal, Eaton and colleagues found that a parental history of celiac disease was associated with increased risk of schizophrenia in offspring, also using theDanish national health care registries.

    Celiac disease is an often-undiagnosed autoimmune disease triggered by gluten in wheat-containing foods. Patients usually suffer from gastrointestinal symptoms and nutritional deficiencies because the intestinal linings are attacked and damaged by immune responses to even a minute amount of gluten intake. According to a recent Mayo Clinic study, the prevalence of celiac disease has increased fourfold from the 1950s. The study was published in the July Gastroenterology. The reason for the trend remains unknown.

    最近的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，具有家族病史，如類(lèi)風(fēng)濕型關(guān)節(jié)炎、1型糖尿病或乳糜瀉的兒童患孤獨(dú)癥的的可能更高。

    一組來(lái)自丹麥及美國(guó)的研究人員收集了所有1993至2004年間，出生在丹麥、其生母也為丹麥人的兒童的醫(yī)學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)資料，并與其父母及兄弟姐妹的病史進(jìn)行比對(duì)。在比對(duì)中，任何在兒童被診斷患有孤獨(dú)癥之前對(duì)于其自身免疫系統(tǒng)疾病的確診，都經(jīng)過(guò)分析以建立兒童免疫系統(tǒng)疾病與孤獨(dú)癥之間可能的關(guān)聯(lián)性。

    在689,196名兒童中，3,325名被診斷患有孤獨(dú)癥。當(dāng)兒童的母親患有類(lèi)風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎，她們的孩子患孤獨(dú)癥的幾率增高了百分之七十。當(dāng)兒童的母親患有乳糜瀉，她們的孩子患孤獨(dú)癥的幾率三倍于那些未患此病母親的孩子。具有家族1型糖尿病史（包括父母及兄弟姐妹的病史）的兒童，患有孤獨(dú)癥的幾率最高。

    即便研究者將分析研究局限于那些既沒(méi)有早產(chǎn)也在分娩時(shí)沒(méi)有明顯的痛苦跡象（既Apgar值高于6）的兒童，然而這種患病的關(guān)聯(lián)性表現(xiàn)在數(shù)據(jù)上依然很顯著。這說(shuō)明了之前的調(diào)查不能將所有對(duì)新生兒的不良影響都?xì)w咎與其生母所患的自身免疫系統(tǒng)疾病。結(jié)合其他研究結(jié)果，研究人員們猜想這種免疫系統(tǒng)疾病也許與孤獨(dú)癥具有相同的基因來(lái)源。

    然而，兒童的父母、兄弟姐妹是否患有其他的自身免疫系統(tǒng)疾病，比如多發(fā)性硬化、牛皮癬以及克隆氏病，這與兒童患孤獨(dú)癥并沒(méi)有很顯著的關(guān)聯(lián)性。另外，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，具有家族甲亢病史是目前為止唯一一種與較低的孤獨(dú)癥患病率相關(guān)聯(lián)的自身免疫系統(tǒng)疾病。

    這項(xiàng)研究發(fā)表在八月的《小兒科》期刊上，并且此研究受到了凱子美國(guó)國(guó)家心理健康機(jī)構(gòu)以及丹麥奧胡思大學(xué)的資助。

    得益于丹麥來(lái)自國(guó)家的健康保障以及統(tǒng)一的醫(yī)療信息記錄措施，由全部丹麥公民的信息資料庫(kù)中幾十年完整的醫(yī)療記錄檔案為這項(xiàng)流行病學(xué)研究提供了非常有價(jià)值的資源。在一項(xiàng)于2004年2月21日發(fā)表于《英國(guó)醫(yī)療期刊》的調(diào)查中，伊頓以及同事發(fā)現(xiàn)父母具有乳糜瀉病史，與其孩子患精神癥的幾率的增高有關(guān)。調(diào)查也參考了來(lái)自丹麥國(guó)家健康保障機(jī)構(gòu)的記錄數(shù)據(jù)。

    乳糜瀉是一種多發(fā)的由含小麥的食物中麩質(zhì)誘發(fā)的自身免疫系統(tǒng)疾病。病患往往表現(xiàn)為腸胃不適癥狀以及營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良，這是由于因微量麩質(zhì)引起的自身免疫系統(tǒng)反應(yīng)作用攻擊并損害了腸道。根據(jù)最近的一項(xiàng)來(lái)自Mayo醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)的研究，乳糜瀉愈發(fā)廣泛的流行，從50年代起至今，發(fā)病率已經(jīng)翻了四倍。這項(xiàng)調(diào)查發(fā)表在四月的《腸胃病學(xué)》期刊上。造成這種流行趨勢(shì)的原因至今還不清楚。