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Google Translate and other free online translation tools can be great for instant, informal translation. When expectations are properly set, particularly for low-value text, unedited machine translation can be quite useful. However, when a user overestimates machine translation capabilities, the results can be confusing at best.
When one online machine translation tool apparently mistranslated a common Chinese word as “Wikipedia,” Chinese menus began popping up everywhere with English translations for menu items like “stir-fried Wikipedia" and “barbecued Congo eel with Wikipedia and fermented bean curd.” Though odd, the error is relatively harmless. However, when the text has important implications in law, finance or marketing, the results can be terribly costly.
Potential customers reading marketing materials may get the gist of a translation, but successful marketing text usually needs to convey more than just a general idea. Wayne Bourland, a senior manager on Dell’s global localization team, noted, in a recent usability study conducted in Germany, Dell observed that… "buyers who needed to form an emotional connection as part of the purchasing process were both distracted and disappointed by translation errors.”
When a Moscow-based marketing firm asked my company to review some previously translated marketing Web pages, we had to tell the company it paid a lot of money for what was actually a very crude machine translation. If this marketing company and its clients had expected machine translation, the news would have been acceptable. Unfortunately, the firm and its customers were expecting high-quality translations that captured the nuances of the original marketing text. The need to pay for a complete retranslation by professional human translators was a bitter pill to swallow.
In a 2010 legal mishap, “a Russian trucker in (the Netherlands) involved in a bar brawl was released because the (court) summons he received was poorly translated from Dutch into Russian using Google Translate,” reported the Dutch-English news blog 24oranges. Instead of reading, “you are to appear in court on 3 August 2010,” as it should have, the summons said something more like “you have to avoid being in court on 3 August 2010.”
This column has previously mentioned many other incidents resulting from improper use of machine translation. A Chinese restaurant sign displayed the words “Translate Server Error” above its storefront after a free translation site failed. A newspaper mistranslation repeatedly misquoted a former president of Kazakhstan as referring to the important issue of “passing gas.” Israeli journalists nearly sparked an international incident when they seemed to insult a Dutch diplomat’s mother in a machine-translated message. Finally, an automatically translated furniture tag contained a racist slur that seriously offended customers in Toronto, Canada.
What differentiates the merely humorous from the cringe-worthy are often the value of the text undergoing translation coupled with readers’ quality expectations. Informal instant-messaging conversations or user-generated content in social media is of relatively low value, so translation errors result in minimal repercussions for even the most horrendous mistranslations. By contrast, legal contracts, financial reports, marketing collateral and application user interfaces usually include text of much higher value that should be translated by human professionals. Text of intermediate value may support a quality level between the two, if the expectations of both the customer and vendor are set appropriately.
When Canadian hockey fans expected quality translation from the French shopping website of their Olympic hockey team, they were sorely disappointed. Machine translation errors irked many visitors, and the team shut down that e-commerce section of the website, foregoing the potential revenue stream.
In contrast, when someone intentionally uses machine translation to simply get the “gist” of a document, and when the alternative to that low-quality translation is no translation at all, they are not nearly so disappointed by the results. When machine translation’s limitations are understood and anticipated, such automatic solutions can be successfully implemented to translate large knowledge bases of user-generated help documentation. Automatic translation can even help facilitate some casual, low-value conversations that would not usually justify an interpreter.
In other cases, legal, financial and political workers are able to comb through enormous volumes of machine translated files — translated behind firewalls using secure systems, not free online tools — to identify key words and select the most pertinent and critical documents, which are then forwarded for higher-quality human translation.
These principles are even understood by Google and other companies that build and market machine translation products. Yes, Google has built an impressive statistical machine translation system, but the search giant involves human professionals to translate higher-value content.
These tips may seem like common sense, but we should not assume everyone “gets it.” As I was so painfully reminded earlier this year, everyone in the content production process must understand the basic capabilities and limitations of machine translation. Unedited, low-cost machine translation can be excellent for translating low-value text and providing the general idea to people who only expect the “gist.” For texts of greater value and for audiences with higher expectations, professional human translation will help companies avoid translation blunders and their costly consequences.
Adam Wooten is director of translation services at Lingotek. He also teaches a course on translation technology at BYU. E-mail: awooten@lingotek.com . Follow him on Twitter at AdamWooten..
參考譯文：
對(duì)于即時(shí)，非正式翻譯作業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)，谷歌翻譯和其他免費(fèi)在線翻譯工具大有用處。如果期望值不高，尤其是對(duì)低價(jià)值文字，未經(jīng)編輯的機(jī)器翻譯可能非常有用。然而，當(dāng)用戶過(guò)高估機(jī)器翻譯的功能，其結(jié)果就不止文字混亂那么簡(jiǎn)單了。
一個(gè)在線機(jī)器翻譯工具顯然將一個(gè)普通的中國(guó)詞“雞樅”誤譯成“維基百科”，英文翻譯的中國(guó)菜單鋪天蓋地而來(lái)，如“爆炒維基百科”和“叉燒剛果鰻魚(yú)與維基百科和腐乳。”雖然不知所云，其錯(cuò)誤尚無(wú)大礙，但是，當(dāng)涉及到具有重要影響的法律，財(cái)務(wù)或營(yíng)銷文本時(shí)，其結(jié)果可能是極其可怕的昂貴。
潛在客戶在閱讀營(yíng)銷材料時(shí)可能會(huì)得到翻譯的要點(diǎn)，但成功的營(yíng)銷文本通常需要不僅僅是傳達(dá)一個(gè)總體觀念。戴爾公司全球本地化團(tuán)隊(duì)的高管-韋恩•博爾蘭在德國(guó)進(jìn)行的最近的一項(xiàng)可用性研究中就指出，戴爾注意到... ...“購(gòu)買(mǎi)者在采購(gòu)過(guò)程中還需建立一種情感連接，他們讓翻譯錯(cuò)誤搞得既困惑又失望”。
當(dāng)莫斯科的營(yíng)銷公司要求我公司審查一些以前翻譯的營(yíng)銷網(wǎng)絡(luò)頁(yè)面時(shí)，我們不得不告訴該公司他們?yōu)閷?shí)際上非常蹩腳的機(jī)器翻譯支付了很多冤枉錢(qián)。如果這家營(yíng)銷公司及其客戶寧愿用機(jī)器翻譯，這消息本來(lái)也可接受。遺憾的是，該公司及其客戶都曾期待得到能體現(xiàn)原有營(yíng)銷文本精髓的高質(zhì)量翻譯。需要支付專業(yè)翻譯人員徹底推倒重譯的費(fèi)用對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)不啻是一味難以下咽的苦果。
在2010年的一起法律事故中，“一個(gè)參與酒吧斗毆的俄羅斯卡車司機(jī)（在荷蘭）被釋放，因?yàn)樗盏降模ǚㄔ海﹤髌笔怯霉雀璺g從荷蘭語(yǔ)濫譯成俄文” - 荷蘭語(yǔ)-英語(yǔ)新聞博客24oranges報(bào)道。傳票本應(yīng)讀為，“你必須于2010年8月3日出庭，”但它讀起來(lái)更像是“你必須避免于2010年8月3日出庭。”
本專欄先前也曾提到過(guò)由于不當(dāng)使用機(jī)器翻譯所造成的許多其他事件。由于免費(fèi)翻譯網(wǎng)站出現(xiàn)故障，一個(gè)中國(guó)餐館店面上就掛上了寫(xiě)有“翻譯服務(wù)器錯(cuò)誤”字樣的標(biāo)牌。報(bào)紙誤譯多次錯(cuò)誤地引用哈薩克斯坦前總統(tǒng)將“過(guò)境天然氣”這一重要問(wèn)題說(shuō)成是“放屁（passing gas）”。以色列記者一篇機(jī)器翻譯的消息似乎侮辱了一位荷蘭外交官的母親，差點(diǎn)引發(fā)國(guó)際事件。最后，一個(gè)自動(dòng)翻譯的家具標(biāo)簽包含有種族主義的污辱語(yǔ)言，徹底惹惱了加拿大多倫多的客戶。
單純的幽默之所以有別于阿諛?lè)畛�，往往體現(xiàn)的就是根據(jù)讀者的質(zhì)量預(yù)期所翻譯文本的價(jià)值。非正式的即時(shí)消息對(duì)話或社交媒體用戶生成的內(nèi)容相對(duì)價(jià)值較低，因此即使是最可怕的誤譯，翻譯錯(cuò)誤也不會(huì)產(chǎn)生多么大的影響。相比之下，法律合同，財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表，營(yíng)銷材料和應(yīng)用程序用戶界面的文本通常具有較高的價(jià)值，應(yīng)當(dāng)由人類專業(yè)人員進(jìn)行翻譯。中間值的文本可能會(huì)支持介于兩者間的質(zhì)量水平，當(dāng)然還需客戶和供應(yīng)商提前設(shè)定好其期望值。
加拿大冰球球迷期望從其奧林匹克冰球隊(duì)的法語(yǔ)購(gòu)物網(wǎng)站看到高的質(zhì)量翻譯，然而他們大失所望。機(jī)器翻譯中的錯(cuò)誤激怒了許多游客，團(tuán)隊(duì)不得不關(guān)閉其網(wǎng)站中的電子商務(wù)部分，其潛在收入來(lái)源也付之東流。
相反，當(dāng)有人故意利用機(jī)器翻譯只是想了解一份文件的“要點(diǎn)”，低質(zhì)量翻譯的替代品簡(jiǎn)直就算不上翻譯，然而他們對(duì)這樣的結(jié)果并不感多么的失望。如果你可以理解并接受機(jī)器翻譯的局限性，那就完全可以利用這樣的自動(dòng)解決方案，對(duì)用戶生成的幫助文檔中大量基本知識(shí)信息進(jìn)行翻譯。自動(dòng)翻譯甚至還可以幫助進(jìn)行某些隨意而低價(jià)值的交談，這種交談通常不需借助口頭翻譯。
在另外一些情況下，法律，金融和政治工作者能夠梳理那些由有防火墻保護(hù)的系統(tǒng)，不是免費(fèi)在線工具所翻譯出來(lái)的機(jī)器翻譯文件中的大量信息，并找出其關(guān)鍵詞，從而選出最切題和最重要的文件，然后再轉(zhuǎn)給更高質(zhì)量的人力翻譯處理。
甚至谷歌和其他一些建立和推銷機(jī)器翻譯產(chǎn)品的公司也能理解這些原則。是的，谷歌已經(jīng)建立了一個(gè)令人印象深刻的統(tǒng)計(jì)式機(jī)器翻譯系統(tǒng)，但這個(gè)搜索巨頭同樣利用人類專業(yè)人員來(lái)翻譯高價(jià)值的內(nèi)容。
這些技巧可能看起來(lái)像些常識(shí)，但我們不要認(rèn)為大家都“理解它。”今年早些時(shí)候，我突然痛苦地意識(shí)到，內(nèi)容制作過(guò)程中的每個(gè)人都必須了解機(jī)器翻譯的基本能力和局限性。未經(jīng)編輯，低成本的機(jī)器翻譯在翻譯低價(jià)值的文字，為那些只想了解“要點(diǎn)”的人們提供總體觀念方面具有出色的可用性。但對(duì)于更高價(jià)值的文本，對(duì)于抱有更高期望值的受眾而言，專業(yè)人力翻譯才能幫助企業(yè)避免嚴(yán)重的翻譯失誤和代價(jià)高昂的后果。
亞當(dāng)•伍滕是Lingotek的翻譯服務(wù)總監(jiān)。他還在楊百翰大學(xué)教授一門(mén)翻譯技術(shù)課程。電子郵件：awooten@lingotek.com。 在Twitter上（AdamWooten）關(guān)注他..
原文鏈接：http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705371107/Google-Translate-has-great-uses-disastrous-misuses.html?pg=3
