中華人民共和國憲法
CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

（一九八二年十二月四日第五屆全國人民代表大會第五次會議通過）
(Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Fifth National People's Congress and promulgated for implementation by the Proclamation of the National People's Congress on December 4, 1982)

目 錄
Contents

序 言
Preamble

第一章 總 綱
Chapter I General Principle

第二章 公民的基本權利和義務
Chapter II The Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens

第三章 國家機構
Chapter III The Structure of the State

第一節(jié) 全國人民代表大會
Section 1 The National People's Congress

第二節(jié) 中華人民共和國主席
Section 2 The President of the People's Republic of China

第三節(jié) 國務院
Section 3 The State Council

第四節(jié) 中央軍事委員會
Section 4 The Central Military Commission

第五節(jié) 地方各級人民代表大會和地方各級人民政府
Section 5 The Local People's Congresses and Local People's Governments at Various Levels

第六節(jié) 民族自治地方的自治機關
Section 6 The Organs of Self-Government of National Autonomous Areas

第七節(jié) 人民法院和人民檢察院
Section 7 The People's Courts and the People's Procuratorates

第四章 國旗、國徽、首都
Chapter IV The National Flag , the National Emblem and the Capital

序 言
Preamble

中國是世界上歷史最悠久的國家之一。中國各族人民共同創(chuàng)造了光輝燦爛的文化，具有光榮的革命傳統(tǒng)。
China is a country with one of the longest histories in the world. The people of all of China's nationalities have jointly created a culture of grandeur and have a glorious revolutionary tradition.

一八四0年以后，封建的中國逐漸變成半殖民地、半封建的國家。中國人民為國家獨立、民族解放和民主自由進行了前仆后繼的英勇奮斗。
After 1840, feudal China was gradually turned into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country. The Chinese people waged many successive heroic struggles for national independence and liberation and for democracy and freedom.

二十世紀，中國發(fā)生了翻天覆地的偉大歷史變革。
Great and earthshaking historical changes have taken place in China in the 20th century.

一九一一年孫中山先生領導的辛亥革命，廢除了封建帝制，創(chuàng)立了中華民國。但是，中國人民反對帝國主義和封建主義的歷史任務還沒有完成。
The Revolution of 1911, led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen, abolished the feudal monarchy and gave birth to the Republic of China. But the historic mission of the Chinese people to overthrow imperialism and feudalism remained unaccomplished.

一九四九年，以毛澤東主席為領袖的中國*領導中國各族人民，在經歷了長期的艱難曲折的武裝斗爭和其他形式的斗爭以后，終于推翻了帝國主義、封建主義和官僚資本主義的統(tǒng)治，取得了新民主主義革命的偉大勝利，建立了中華人民共和國。從此，中國人民掌握了國家的權力，成為國家的主人。
After waging protracted and arduous struggles, armed and otherwise, along a zigzag course, the Chinese people of all nationalities led by the Communist Party of China with Chairman Mao Zedong as its leader ultimately, in 1949, overthrew the rule of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat-capitalism, won a great victory in the New-Democratic Revolution and founded the People's Republic of China. Since then the Chinese people have taken control of state power and become masters of the country.

中華人民共和國成立以后，我國社會逐步實現(xiàn)了由新民主主義到社會主義的過渡。
After the founding of the People's Republic, China gradually achieved its transition from a New-Democratic to a socialist society.

生產資料私有制的社會主義改造已經完成，人剝削人的制度已經消滅，社會主義制度已經確立。
The socialist transformation of the private ownership of the means of production has been completed, the system of exploitation of man by man abolished and the socialist system established.

工人階級領導的、以工農聯(lián)盟為基礎的人民民主專政，實質上即無產階級專政，得到鞏固和發(fā)展。
The people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants, which is in essence the dictatorship of the proletariat, has been consolidated and developed.

中國人民和中國人民解放軍戰(zhàn)勝了帝國主義、霸權主義的侵略、破壞和武裝挑釁，維護了國家的獨立和安全，增強了國防。
The Chinese people and the Chinese People's Liberation Army have defeated imperialist and hegemonist aggression, sabotage and armed provocations and have thereby safeguarded China's national independence and security and strengthened its national defence.

經濟建設取得了重大的成就，獨立的、比較完整的社會主義工業(yè)體系已經基本形成，農業(yè)生產顯著提高。教育、科學、文化等事業(yè)有了很大的發(fā)展，社會主義思想教育取得了明顯的成效。廣大人民的生活有了較大的改善。
Major successes have been achieved in economic development. An independent and relatively comprehensive socialist system of industry has basically been established. There has been a marked increase in agricultural production. Significant advances have been made in educational, scientific and cultural undertakings, while education in socialist ideology has produced noteworthy results. The life of the people has improved considerably.

中國新民主主義革命的勝利和社會主義事業(yè)的成就，都是中國*領導中國各族人民，在馬克思列寧主義、毛澤東思想的指引下，堅持真理，修正錯誤，戰(zhàn)勝許多艱難險阻而取得的。今后國家的根本任務是集中力量進行社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設。中國各族人民將繼續(xù)在中國*領導下，在馬克思列寧主義、毛澤東思想指引下，堅持人民民主專政，堅持社會主義道路，不斷完善社會主義的各項制度，發(fā)展社會主義民主，健全社會主義法制，自力更生，艱苦奮斗，逐步實現(xiàn)工業(yè)、農業(yè)、國防和科學技術的現(xiàn)代化，把我國建設成為高度文明、高度民主的社會主義國家。
Both the victory in China's New-Democratic Revolution and the successes in its socialist cause have been achieved by the Chinese people of all nationalities, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the guidance of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, by upholding truth, correcting errors and surmounting numerous difficulties and hardships. The basic task of the nation in the years to come is to concentrate its effort on socialist modernization. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the guidance of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, the Chinese people of all nationalities will continue to adhere to the people's democratic dictatorship and the socialist road, steadily improve socialist institutions, develop socialist democracy, improve the socialist legal system, and work hard and self-reliantly to modernize the country's industry, agriculture, national defence and science and technology step by step to turn China into a socialist country with a high level of culture and democracy.

在我國，剝削階級作為階級已經消滅，但是階級斗爭還將在一定范圍內長期存在。中國人民對敵視和破壞我國社會主義制度的國內外的敵對勢力和敵對分子，必須進行斗爭。
The exploiting classes as such have been abolished in our country.However, class struggle will continue to exist within certain bounds for a long time to come. The Chinese people must fight against those forces and elements, both at home and abroad, that are hostile to China's socialist system and try to undermine it.

臺灣是中華人民共和國的神圣領土的一部分。完成統(tǒng)一祖國的大業(yè)是包括臺灣同胞在內的全中國人民的神圣職責。
Taiwan is part of the sacred territory of the People's Republic of China. It is the inviolable duty of all Chinese people, including our compatriots in Taiwan, to accomplish the great task of reunifying the motherland.

社會主義的建設事業(yè)必須依靠工人、農民和知識分子，團結一切可以團結的力量。在長期的革命和建設過程中，已經結成由中國*領導的，有各民主黨派和各人民團體參加的，包括全體社會主義勞動者、擁護社會主義的愛國者和擁護祖國統(tǒng)一的愛國者的廣泛的愛國統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線，這個統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線將繼續(xù)鞏固和發(fā)展。中國人民政治協(xié)商會議是有廣泛代表性的統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線組織，過去發(fā)揮了重要的歷史作用，今后在國家政治生活、社會生活和對外友好活動中，在進行社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設、維護國家的統(tǒng)一和團結的斗爭中，將進一步發(fā)揮它的重要作用。
In building socialism it is essential to rely on workers, peasants and intellectuals and to unite all forces that can be united. In the long years of revolution and construction, there has been formed under the leadership of the Communist Party of China a broad patriotic united front which is composed of the democratic parties and people's organizations and which embraces all socialist working people, all patriots who support socialism and all patriots who stand for the reunification of the motherland. This united front will continue to be consolidated and developed. The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, a broadly based representative organization of the united front which has played a significant historical role, will play a still more important role in the country's political and social life, in promoting friendship with other countries and in the struggle for socialist modernization and for the reunification and unity of the country.

中華人民共和國是全國各族人民共同締造的統(tǒng)一的多民族國家。平等、團結、互助的社會主義民族關系已經確立，并將繼續(xù)加強。
The People's Republic of China is a unitary multinational state created jointly by the people of all its nationalities. Socialist relations of equality, unity and mutual assistance have been established among the nationalities and will continue to be strengthened.

在維護民族團結的斗爭中，要反對大民族主義，主要是大漢族主義，也要反對地方民族主義。國家盡一切努力，促進全國各民族的共同繁榮。
In the struggle to safeguard the unity of the nationalities, it is necessary to combat big- nation chauvinism, mainly Han chauvinism, and to combat local national chauvinism. The state will do its utmost to promote the common prosperity of all the nationalities. China's achievements in revolution and construction are inseparable from the support of the people of the world.

中國革命和建設的成就是同世界人民的支持分不開的。中國的前途是同世界的前途緊密地聯(lián)系在一起的。中國堅持獨立自主的對外政策，堅持互相尊重主權和領土完整、互不侵犯、互不干涉內政、平等互利、和平共處的五項原則，發(fā)展同各國的外交關系和經濟、文化的交流；
The future of China is closely linked to the future of the world. China consistently carries out an independent foreign policy and adheres to the five principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence in developing diplomatic relations and economic and cultural exchanges with other countries.

堅持反對帝國主義、霸權主義、殖民主義，加強同世界各國人民的團結，支持被壓迫民族和發(fā)展中國家爭取和維護民族獨立、發(fā)展民族經濟的正義斗爭，為維護世界和平和促進人類進步事業(yè)而努力。
China consistently opposes imperialism, hegemonism and colonialism, works to strengthen unity with the people of other countries, supports the oppressed nations and the developing countries in their just struggle to win and preserve national independence and develop their national economies, and strives to safeguard world peace and promote the cause of human progress.

本憲法以法律的形式確認了中國各族人民奮斗的成果，規(guī)定了國家的根本制度和根本任務，是國家的根本法，具有最高的法律效力。
This Constitution, in legal form, affirms the achievements of the struggles of the Chinese people of all nationalities and defines the basic system and basic tasks of the state; it is the fundamental law of the state and has supreme legal authority.

全國各族人民、一切國家機關和武裝力量、各政黨和各社會團體、各企業(yè)事業(yè)組織，都必須以憲法為根本的活動準則，并且負有維護憲法尊嚴、保證憲法實施的職責。
The people of all nationalities, all state organs, the armed forces, all political parties and public organizations and all enterprises and institutions in the country must take the Constitution as the basic standard of conduct, and they have the duty to uphold the dignity of the Constitution and ensure its implementation.

第一章 總 綱
Chapter I General Principles

第一條 中華人民共和國是工人階級領導的、以工農聯(lián)盟為基礎的人民民主專政的社會主義國家。
Article 1 The People's Republic of China is a socialist state under the people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants.

社會主義制度是中華人民共和國的根本制度。禁止任何組織或者個人破壞社會主義制度。
The socialist system is the basic system of the People's Republic of China. Disruption of the socialist system by any organization or individual is prohibited.

第二條 中華人民共和國的一切權力屬于人民。
Article 2 All power in the People's Republic of China belongs to the people.

人民行使國家權力的機關是全國人民代表大會和地方各級人民代表大會。
The National People's Congress and the local people's congresses at various levels are the organs through which the people exercise state power.

人民依照法律規(guī)定，通過各種途徑和形式，管理國家事務，管理經濟和文化事業(yè)，管理社會事務。
The people administer state affairs and manage economic, cultural and social affairs through various channels and in various ways in accordance with the law.

第三條 中華人民共和國的國家機構實行民主集中制的原則。
Article 3 The state organs of the People's Republic of China apply the principle of democratic centralism.

全國人民代表大會和地方各級人民代表大會都由民主選舉產生，對人民負責，受人民監(jiān)督。
The National People's Congress and the local people's congresses at various levels are constituted through democratic elections. They are responsible to the people and subject to their supervision.

國家行政機關、審判機關、檢察機關都由人民代表大會產生，對它負責，受它監(jiān)督。
All administrative, judicial and procuratorial organs of the state are created by the people's congresses to which they are responsible and by which they are supervised.

中央和地方的國家機構職權的劃分，遵循在中央的統(tǒng)一領導下，充分發(fā)揮地方的主動性、積極性的原則。
The division of functions and powers between the central and local state organs is guided by the principle of giving full scope to the initiative and enthusiasm of the local authorities under the unified leadership of the central authorities.

第四條 中華人民共和國各民族一律平等。國家保障各少數(shù)民族的合法的權利和利益，維護和發(fā)展各民族的平等、團結、互助關系。
Article 4 All nationalities in the People's Republic of China are equal. The state protects the lawful rights and interests of the minority nationalities and upholds and develops a relationship of equality, unity and mutual assistance among all of China's nationalities.

禁止對任何民族的歧視和壓迫，禁止破壞民族團結和制造民族分裂的行為。
Discrimination against and oppression of any nationality are prohibited; any act which undermines the unity of the nationalities or instigates division is prohibited.

國家根據各少數(shù)民族的特點和需要，幫助各少數(shù)民族地區(qū)加速經濟和文化的發(fā)展。
The state assists areas inhabited by minority nationalities in accelerating their economic and cultural development according to the characteristics and needs of the various minority nationalities.

各少數(shù)民族聚居的地方實行區(qū)域自治，設立自治機關，行使自治權。各民族自治地方都是中華人民共和國不可分離的部分。
Regional autonomy is practised in areas where people of minority nationalities live in concentrated communities; in these areas organs of self-government are established to exercise the power of autonomy. All national autonomous areas are integral parts of the People's Republic of China.

各民族都有使用和發(fā)展自己的語言文字的自由，都有保持或者改革自己的風俗習慣的自由。
All nationalities have the freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written languages and to preserve or reform their own folkways and customs.

第五條 國家維護社會主義法制的統(tǒng)一和尊嚴。
Article 5 The state upholds the uniformity and dignity of the socialist legal system.

一切法律、行政法規(guī)和地方性法規(guī)都不得同憲法相抵觸。
No laws or administrative or local rules and regulations may contravene the Constitution.

一切國家機關和武裝力量、各政黨和各社會團體、各企業(yè)事業(yè)組織都必須遵守憲法和法律。一切違反憲法和法律的行為，必須予以追究。
All state organs, the armed forces, all political parties and public organizations and all enterprises and institutions must abide by the Constitution and the law. All acts in violation of the Constitution or the law must be investigated.

任何組織或者個人都不得有超越憲法和法律的特權。
No organization or individual is privileged to be beyond the Constitution or the law.

第六條 中華人民共和國的社會主義經濟制度的基礎是生產資料的社會主義公有制，即全民所有制和勞動群眾集體所有制。
Article 6 The basis of the socialist economic system of the People's Republic of China is socialist public ownership of the means of production, namely, ownership by the whole people and collective ownership by the working people.

社會主義公有制消滅人剝削人的制度，實行各盡所能，按勞分配的原則。
The system of socialist public ownership supersedes the system of exploitation of man by man; it applies the principle of "from each according to his ability, to each according to his work."

第七條 國營經濟是社會主義全民所有制經濟，是國民經濟中的主導力量。國家保障國營經濟的鞏固和發(fā)展。
Article 7 The state economy is the sector of socialist economy under ownership by the whole people; it is the leading force in the national economy. The state ensures the consolidation and growth of the state economy.

第八條 農村人民公社、農業(yè)生產合作社和其他生產、供銷、信用、消費等各種形式的合作經濟，是社會主義勞動群眾集體所有制經濟。
Article 8 Rural people's communes, agricultural producers cooperatives and other forms of cooperatives economy, such as producers', supply and marketing, credit and consumers cooperatives, belong to the sector of socialist economy under collective ownership by the working people.

參加農村集體經濟組織的勞動者，有權在法律規(guī)定的范圍內經營自留地、自留山、家庭副業(yè)和飼養(yǎng)自留畜。
Working people who are members of rural economic collective have the right, within the limits prescribed by law, to farm plots of cropland and hilly land allotted for their private use, engage in household sideline production and raise privately owned livestock.

城鎮(zhèn)中的手工業(yè)、工業(yè)、建筑業(yè)、運輸業(yè)、商業(yè)、服務業(yè)等行業(yè)的各種形式的合作經濟，都是社會主義勞動群眾集體所有制經濟。
The various forms of cooperative economy in the cities and towns, such as those in the handicraft, industrial, building, transport, commercial and service trades, all belong to the sector of socialist economy under collective ownership by the working people.

國家保護城鄉(xiāng)集體經濟組織的合法的權利和利益，鼓勵、指導和幫助集體經濟的發(fā)展。
The state protects the lawful rights and interests of the urban and rural economic collective and encourages, guides and helps the growth of the collective economy.

第九條 礦藏、水流、森林、山嶺、草原、荒地、灘涂等自然資源，都屬于國家所有，即全民所有；由法律規(guī)定屬于集體所有的森林和山嶺、草原、荒地、灘涂除外。
Article 9 All mineral resources, waters, forests, mountains, grassland, unreclaimed land, beaches and other natural resources are owned by the state, that is, by the whole people, with the exception of the forests, mountains, grasslands, unreclaimed land and beaches that are owned by collective in accordance with the law.

國家保障自然資源的合理利用，保護珍貴的動物和植物。禁止任何組織或者個人用任何手段侵占或者破壞自然資源。
The state ensures the rational use of natural resources and protects rare animals and plants. Appropriation or damaging of natural resources by any organization or individual by whatever means is prohibited.

第十條 城市的土地屬于國家所有。
Article 10 Land in the cities is owned by the state.

農村和城市郊區(qū)的土地，除由法律規(guī)定屬于國家所有的以外，屬于集體所有；宅基地和自留地、自留山，也屬于集體所有。
Land in the rural and suburban areas is owned by collectives except for those portions which belong to the state in accordance with the law; house sites and privately farmed plots of cropland and hilly land are also owned by collectives.

國家為了公共利益的需要，可以依照法律規(guī)定對土地實行征用。
The state may, in the public interest, requisition land for its use in accordance with the law.

任何組織或者個人不得侵占、買賣、出租或者以其他形式非法轉讓土地。
No organization or individual may appropriate, buy, sell or lease land or otherwise engage in the transfer of land by unlawful means.

一切使用土地的組織和個人必須合理地利用土地。
All organizations and individuals using land must ensure its rational use.

第十一條 在法律規(guī)定范圍內的城鄉(xiāng)勞動者個體經濟，是社會主義公有制經濟的補充。國家保護個體經濟的合法的權利和利益。
Article 11 The individual economy of urban and rural working people, operating within the limits prescribed by law, is a complement to the socialist public economy. The state protects the lawful rights and interests of the individual economy.

國家通過行政管理，指導、幫助和監(jiān)督個體經濟。
The state guides, assists and supervises the individual economy by administrative control.

第十二條 社會主義的公共財產神圣不可侵犯。
Article 12 Socialist public property is inviolable.

國家保護社會主義的公共財產。禁止任何組織或者個人用任何手段侵占或者破壞國家的和集體的財產。
The state protects socialist public property. Appropriation or damaging of state or collective property by any organization or individual by whatever means is prohibited.

第十三條 國家保護公民的合法的收入、儲蓄、房屋和其他合法財產的所有權。
Article 13 The state protects the right of citizens to own lawfully earned income, savings, houses and other lawful property.

國家依照法律規(guī)定保護公民的私有財產的繼承權。
The state protects according to law the right of citizens to inherit private property.

第十四條 國家通過提高勞動者的積極性和技術水平，推廣先進的科學技術，完善經濟管理體制和企業(yè)經營管理制度，實行各種形式的社會主義責任制，改進勞動組織，以不斷提高勞動生產率和經濟效益，發(fā)展社會生產力。
Article 14 The state continuously raises labour productivity, improves economic results and develops the productive forces by enhancing the enthusiasm of the working people, raising the level of their technical skill, disseminating advanced science and technology, improving the systems of economic administration and enterprise operation and management, instituting the socialist system of responsibility in various forms and improving the organization of work.

國家厲行節(jié)約，反對浪費。
The state practises strict economy and combats waste.

國家合理安排積累和消費，兼顧國家、集體和個人的利益，在發(fā)展生產的基礎上，逐步改善人民的物質生活和文化生活。
The state properly apportions accumulation and consumption, concerns itself with the interests of the collective and the individual as well as of the state and, on the basis of expanded production, gradually improves the material and cultural life of the people.

第十五條 國家在社會主義公有制基礎上實行計劃經濟。國家通過經濟計劃的綜合平衡和市場調節(jié)的輔助作用，保證國民經濟按比例地協(xié)調發(fā)展。
Article 15 The state practises planned economy on the basis of socialist public ownership. It ensures the proportionate and coordinated growth of the national economy through overall balancing by economic planning and the supplementary role of regulation by the market.

禁止任何組織或者個人擾亂社會經濟秩序，破壞國家經濟計劃。
Disturbance of the socioeconomic order or disruption of the state economic plan by any organization or individual is prohibited.

第十六條 國營企業(yè)在服從國家的統(tǒng)一領導和全面完成國家計劃的前提下，在法律規(guī)定的范圍內，有經營管理的自主權。
Article 16 State enterprises have decision-making power with regard to operation and management within the limits prescribed by law, on condition that they submit to unified leadership by the state and fulfil all their obligations under the state plan.

國營企業(yè)依照法律規(guī)定，通過職工代表大會和其他形式，實行民主管理。
State enterprises practise democratic management through congresses of workers and staff and in other ways in accordance with the law.

第十七條 集體經濟組織在接受國家計劃指導和遵守有關法律的前提下，有獨立進行經濟活動的自主權。
Article 17 Collective economic organizations have decision-making power in conducting independent economic activities, on condition that they accept the guidance of the state plan and abide by the relevant laws.

集體經濟組織依照法律規(guī)定實行民主管理，由它的全體勞動者選舉和罷免管理人員，決定經營管理的重大問題。
Collective economic organizations practise democratic management in accordance with the law. The entire body of their workers elects or removes their managerial personnel and decides on major issues concerning operation and management.

第十八條 中華人民共和國允許外國的企業(yè)和其他經濟組織或者個人依照中華人民共和國法律的規(guī)定在中國投資，同中國的企業(yè)或者其他經濟組織進行各種形式的經濟合作。
Article 18 The People's Republic of China permits foreign enterprises, other foreign economic organizations and individual foreigners to invest in China and to enter into various forms of economic cooperation with Chinese enterprises and other Chinese economic organizations in accordance with the law of the People's Republic of China.

在中國境內的外國企業(yè)和其他外國經濟組織以及中外合資經營的企業(yè)，都必須遵守中華人民共和國的法律。它們的合法的權利和利益受中華人民共和國法律的保護。
All foreign enterprises, other foreign economic organizations as well as Chinese-foreign joint ventures within Chinese territory shall abide by the law of the People's Republic of China. Their lawful rights and interests are protected by the law of the People's Republic of China.

第十九條 國家發(fā)展社會主義的教育事業(yè)，提高全國人民的科學文化水平。
Article 19 The state undertakes the development of socialist education and works to raise the scientific and cultural level of the whole nation.

國家舉辦各種學校，普及初等義務教育，發(fā)展中等教育、職業(yè)教育和高等教育，并且發(fā)展學前教育。
The state establishes and administers schools of various types, universalizes compulsory primary education and promotes secondary, vocational and higher education as well as preschool education.

國家發(fā)展各種教育設施，掃除文盲，對工人、農民、國家工作人員和其他勞動者進行政治、文化、科學、技術、業(yè)務的教育，鼓勵自學成才。
The state develops educational facilities in order to eliminate illiteracy and provide political, scientific, technical and professional education as well as general education for workers, peasants, state functionaries and other working people. It encourages people to become educated through independent study.

國家鼓勵集體經濟組織、國家企業(yè)事業(yè)組織和其他社會力量依照法律規(guī)定舉辦各種教育事業(yè)。
The state encourages the collective economic organizations, state enterprises and institutions and other sectors of society to establish educational institutions of various types in accordance with the law.

國家推廣全國通用的普通話。
The state promotes the nationwide use of Putonghua (common speech based on Beijing pronunciation).

第二十條 國家發(fā)展自然科學和社會科學事業(yè)，普及科學和技術知識，獎勵科學研究成果和技術發(fā)明創(chuàng)造。
Article 20 The state promotes the development of the natural and social sciences, disseminates knowledge of science and technology, and commends and rewards achievements in scientific research as well as technological innovations and inventions.

第二十一條 國家發(fā)展醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生事業(yè)，發(fā)展現(xiàn)代醫(yī)藥和我國傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)藥，鼓勵和支持農村集體經濟組織、國家企業(yè)事業(yè)組織和街道組織舉辦各種醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生設施，開展群眾性的衛(wèi)生活動，保護人民健康。
Article 21 The state develops medical and health services, promotes modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, encourages and supports the setting up of various medical and health facilities by the rural economic collectives, state enterprises and institutions and neighbourhood organizations, and promotes health and sanitation activities of a mass character, all for the protection of the people's health.

國家發(fā)展體育事業(yè)，開展群眾性的體育活動，增強人民體質。
The state develops physical culture and promotes mass sports activities to improve the people's physical fitness.

第二十二條 國家發(fā)展為人民服務、為社會主義服務的文學藝術事業(yè)、新聞廣播電視事業(yè)、出版發(fā)行事業(yè)、圖書館博物館文化館和其他文化事業(yè)，開展群眾性的文化活動。
Article 22 The state promotes the development of art and literature, the press, radio and television broadcasting, publishing and distribution services, libraries, museums, cultural centres and other cultural undertakings that serve the people and socialism, and it sponsors mass cultural activities.

國家保護名勝古跡、珍貴文物和其他重要歷史文化遺產。
The state protects sites of scenic and historical interest, valuable cultural monuments and relics and other significant items of China's historical and cultural heritage.

第二十三條 國家培養(yǎng)為社會主義服務的各種專業(yè)人才，擴大知識分子的隊伍，創(chuàng)造條件，充分發(fā)揮他們在社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設中的作用。
Article 23 The state trains specialized personnel in all fields who serve socialism, expands the ranks of intellectuals and creates conditions to give full scope to their role in socialist modernization.

第二十四條 國家通過普及理想教育、道德教育、文化教育、紀律和法制教育，通過在城鄉(xiāng)不同范圍的群眾中制定和執(zhí)行各種守則、公約，加強社會主義精神文明的建設。
Article 24 The state strengthens the building of a socialist society with an advanced culture and ideology by promoting education in high ideals, ethics, general knowledge, discipline and legality, and by promoting the formulation and observance of rules of conduct and common pledges by various sections of the people in urban and rural areas.

國家提倡愛祖國、愛人民、愛勞動、愛科學、愛社會主義的公德，在人民中進行愛國主義、集體主義和國際主義、共產主義的教育，進行辯證唯物主義和歷史唯物主義的教育，反對資本主義的、封建主義的和其他的腐朽思想。
The state advocates the civic virtues of love of the motherland, of the people, of labour, of science and of socialism. It conducts education among the people in patriotism and collectivism, in internationalism and communism and in dialectical and historical materialism, to combat capitalist, feudal and other decadent ideas.

第二十五條 國家推行計劃生育，使人口的增長同經濟和社會發(fā)展計劃相適應。
Article 25 The state promotes family planning so that population growth may fit the plans for economic and social development.

第二十六條 國家保護和改善生活環(huán)境和生態(tài)環(huán)境，防治污染和其他公害。
Article 26 The state protects and improves the environment in which people live and the ecological environment. It prevents and controls pollution and other public hazards.

國家組織和鼓勵植樹造林，保護林木。
The state organizes and encourages afforestation and the protection of forests.

第二十七條 一切國家機關實行精簡的原則，實行工作責任制，實行工作人員的培訓和考核制度，不斷提高工作質量和工作效率，反對官僚主義。
Article 27 All state organs carry out the principle of simple and efficient administration, the system of responsibility for work and the system of training functionaries and appraising their performance in order constantly to improve the quality of work and efficiency and combat bureaucratism.

一切國家機關和國家工作人員必須依靠人民的支持，經常保持同人民的密切聯(lián)系，傾聽人民的意見和建議，接受人民的監(jiān)督，努力為人民服務。
All state organs and functionaries must rely on the support of the people, keep in close touch with them, heed their opinions and suggestions, accept their supervision and do their best to serve them.

第二十八條 國家維護社會秩序，鎮(zhèn)壓叛國和其他反革命的活動，制裁危害社會治安、破壞社會主義經濟和其他犯罪的活動，懲辦和改造犯罪分子。
Article 28 The state maintains public order and suppresses treasonable and other counter-revolutionary activities; it penalizes criminal activities that endanger public security and disrupt the socialist economy as well as other criminal activities; and it punishes and reforms criminals.

第二十九條 中華人民共和國的武裝力量屬于人民。
Article 29 The armed forces of the People's Republic of China belong to the people.

它的任務是鞏固國防，抵抗侵略，保衛(wèi)祖國，保衛(wèi)人民的和平勞動，參加國家建設事業(yè)，努力為人民服務。
Their tasks are to strengthen national defence, resist aggression, defend the motherland, safeguard the people's peaceful labour, participate in national reconstruction and do their best to serve the people.

國家加強武裝力量的革命化、現(xiàn)代化、正規(guī)化的建設，增強國防力量。
The state strengthens the revolutionization, modernization and regularization of the armed forces in order to increase national defence capability.

第三十條 中華人民共和國的行政區(qū)域劃分如下：
Article 30 The administrative division of the People's Republic of China is as follows:

（一）全國分為省、自治區(qū)、直轄市；
(1) The country is divided into provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government;

（二）省、自治區(qū)分為自治州、縣、自治縣、市；
(2) Provinces and autonomous regions are divided into autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties, and cities;

（三）縣、自治縣分為鄉(xiāng)、民族鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)。
(3) Counties and autonomous counties are divided into townships, nationality townships, and towns.

直轄市和較大的市分為區(qū)、縣。自治州分為縣、自治縣、市。
Municipalities directly under the Central Government and other large cities are divided into districts and counties. Autonomous prefectures are divided into counties, autonomous counties, and cities.

自治區(qū)、自治州、自治縣都是民族自治地方。
All autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties are national autonomous areas.

第三十一條 國家在必要時得設立特別行政區(qū)。在特別行政區(qū)內實行的制度按照具體情況由全國人民代表大會以法律規(guī)定。
Article 31 The state may establish special administrative regions when necessary. The systems to be instituted in special administrative regions shall be prescribed by law enacted by the National People's Congress in the light of specific conditions.

第三十二條 中華人民共和國保護在中國境內的外國人的合法權利和利益，在中國境內的外國人必須遵守中華人民共和國的法律。
Article 32 The People's Republic of China protects the lawful rights and interests of foreigners within Chinese territory; foreigners on Chinese territory must abide by the laws of the People's Republic of China.

中華人民共和國對于因為政治原因要求避難的外國人，可以給予受庇護的權利。
The People's Republic of China may grant asylum to foreigners who request it for political reasons.

第二章 公民的基本權利和義務
Chapter II The Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens

第三十三條 凡具有中華人民共和國國籍的人都是中華人民共和國公民。
Article 33 All persons holding the nationality of the People's Republic of China are citizens of the People's Republic of China.

中華人民共和國公民在法律面前一律平等。
All citizens of the People's Republic of China are equal before the law.

任何公民享有憲法和法律規(guī)定的權利，同時必須履行憲法和法律規(guī)定的義務。
Every citizen is entitled to the rights and at the same time must perform the duties prescribed by the Constitution and the law.

第三十四條 中華人民共和國年滿十八周歲的公民，不分民族、種族、性別、職業(yè)、家庭出身、宗教信仰、教育程度、財產狀況、居住期限，都有選舉權和被選舉權；但是依照法律被剝奪政治權利的人除外。
Article 34 All citizens of the People's Republic of China who have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote and stand for election, regardless of ethnic status, race, sex, occupation, family background, religious belief, education, property status or length of residence, except persons deprived of political rights according to law.

第三十五條 中華人民共和國公民有言論、出版、集會、結社、游行、示威的自由。
Article 35 Citizens of the People's Republic of China enjoy freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of procession and of demonstration.

第三十六條 中華人民共和國公民有宗教信仰自由。
Article 36 Citizens of the People's Republic of China enjoy freedom of religious belief.

任何國家機關、社會團體和個人不得強制公民信仰宗教或者不信仰宗教，不得歧視信仰宗教的公民和不信仰宗教的公民。
No state organ, public organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in, or not to believe in, any religion; nor may they discriminate against citizens who believe in, or do not believe in, any religion.

國家保護正常的宗教活動。任何人不得利用宗教進行破壞社會秩序、損害公民身體健康、妨礙國家教育制度的活動。
The state protects normal religious activities. No one may make use of religion to engage in activities that disrupt public order, impair the health of citizens or interfere with the educational system of the state.

宗教團體和宗教事務不受外國勢力的支配。
Religious bodies and religious affairs are not subject to any foreign domination.

第三十七條 中華人民共和國公民的人身自由不受侵犯。
Article 37 Freedom of the person of citizens of the People's Republic of China is inviolable.

任何公民，非經人民檢察院批準或者決定或者人民法院決定，并由公安機關執(zhí)行，不受逮捕。
No citizen may be arrested except with the approval or by decision of a people's procuratorate or by decision of a people's court, and arrests must be made by a public security organ.

禁止非法拘禁和以其他方法非法剝奪或者限制公民的人身自由，禁止非法搜查公民的身體。
Unlawful detention or deprivation or restriction of citizens freedom of the person by other means is prohibited, and unlawful search of the person of citizens is prohibited.

第三十八條 中華人民共和國公民的人格尊嚴不受侵犯。禁止用任何方法對公民進行侮辱、誹謗和誣告陷害。
Article 38 The personal dignity of citizens of the People's Republic of China is inviolable. Insult, libel, false accusation or false incrimination directed against citizens by any means is prohibited.

第三十九條 中華人民共和國公民的住宅不受侵犯。禁止非法搜查或者非法侵入公民的住宅。
Article 39 The residences of citizens of the People's Republic of China are inviolable. Unlawful search of, or intrusion into, a citizen's residence is prohibited.

第四十條 中華人民共和國公民的通信自由和通信秘密受法律的保護。除因國家安全或者追查刑事犯罪的需要，由公安機關或者檢察機關依照法律規(guī)定的程序對通信進行檢查外，任何組織或者個人不得以任何理由侵犯公民的通信自由和通信秘密。
Article 40 Freedom and privacy of correspondence of citizens of the People's Republic of China are protected by law. No organization or individual may, on any ground, infringe upon citizens freedom and privacy of correspondence, except in cases where, to meet the needs of state security or of criminal investigation, public security or procuratorial organs are permitted to censor correspondence in accordance with procedures prescribed by law.

第四十一條 中華人民共和國公民對于任何國家機關和國家工作人員，有提出批評和建議的權利；對于任何國家機關和國家工作人員的違法失職行為，有向有關國家機關提出申訴、控告或者檢舉的權利，但是不得捏造或者歪曲事實進行誣告陷害。
Article 41 Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the right to criticize and make suggestions regarding any state organ or functionary. Citizens have the right to make to relevant state organs complaints or charges against, or exposures of, any state organ or functionary for violation of the law or dereliction of duty; but fabrication or distortion of facts for purposes of libel or false incrimination is prohibited.

對于公民的申訴、控告或者檢舉，有關國家機關必須查清事實，負責處理。
The state organ concerned must deal with complaints, charges or exposures made by citizens in a responsible manner after ascertaining the facts.

任何人不得壓制和打擊報復。
No one may suppress such complaints, charges and exposures or retaliate against the citizens making them.

由于國家機關和國家工作人員侵犯公民權利而受到損失的人，有依照法律規(guī)定取得賠償?shù)臋嗬��?
Citizens who have suffered losses as a result of infringement of their civic rights by any state organ or functionary have the right to compensation in accordance with the law.

第四十二條 中華人民共和國公民有勞動的權利和義務。
Article 42 Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the right as well as the duty to work.

國家通過各種途徑，創(chuàng)造勞動就業(yè)條件，加強勞動保護，改善勞動條件，并在發(fā)展生產的基礎上，提高勞動報酬和福利待遇。
Through various channels, the state creates conditions for employment, enhances occupational safety and health, improves working conditions and, on the basis of expanded production, increases remuneration for work and welfare benefits.

勞動是一切有勞動能力的公民的光榮職責。國營企業(yè)和城鄉(xiāng)集體經濟組織的勞動者都應當以國家主人翁的態(tài)度對待自己的勞動。
Work is a matter of honour for every citizen who is able to work. All working people in state enterprises and in urban and rural economic collectives should approach their work as the masters of the country that they are.

國家提倡社會主義勞動競賽，獎勵勞動模范和先進工作者。國家提倡公民從事義務勞動。
The state promotes socialist labour emulation, and commends and rewards model and advanced workers. The state encourages citizens to take part in voluntary labour.

國家對就業(yè)前的公民進行必要的勞動就業(yè)訓練。
The state provides necessary vocational training for citizens before they are employed.

第四十三條 中華人民共和國勞動者有休息的權利。
Article 43 Working people in the People's Republic of China have the right to rest.

國家發(fā)展勞動者休息和休養(yǎng)的設施，規(guī)定職工的工作時間和休假制度。
The state expands facilities for the rest and recuperation of the working people and prescribes working hours and vacations for workers and staff.

第四十四條 國家依照法律規(guī)定實行企業(yè)事業(yè)組織的職工和國家機關工作人員的退休制度。退休人員的生活受到國家和社會的保障。
Article 44 The state applies the system of retirement for workers and staff of enterprises and institutions and for functionaries of organs of state according to law. The livelihood of retired personnel is ensured by the state and society.

第四十五條 中華人民共和國公民在年老、疾病或者喪失勞動能力的情況下，有從國家和社會獲得物質幫助的權利。
Article 45 Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the right to material assistance from the state and society when they are old, ill or disabled.

國家發(fā)展為公民享受這些權利所需要的社會保險、社會救濟和醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生事業(yè)。
The state develops social insurance, social relief and medical and health services that are required for citizens to enjoy this right.

國家和社會保障殘廢軍人的生活，撫恤烈士家屬，優(yōu)待軍人家屬。
The state and society ensure the livelihood of disabled members of the armed forces, provide pensions to the families of martyrs and give preferential treatment to the families of military personnel.

國家和社會幫助安排盲、聾、啞和其他有殘疾的公民的勞動、生活和教育。
The state and society help make arrangements for the work, livelihood and education of the blind, deaf-mutes and other handicapped citizens.

第四十六條 中華人民共和國公民有受教育的權利和義務。
Article 46 Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the duty as well as the right to receive education.

國家培養(yǎng)青年、少年、兒童在品德、智力、體質等方面全面發(fā)展。
The state promotes the all-round development of children and young people, morally, intellectually and physically.

第四十七條 中華人民共和國公民有進行科學研究、文學藝術創(chuàng)作和其他文化活動的自由。國家對于從事教育、科學、技術、文學、藝術和其他文化事業(yè)的公民的有益于人民的創(chuàng)造性工作，給以鼓勵和幫助。
Article 47 Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the freedom to engage in scientific research, literary and artistic creation and other cultural pursuits. The state encourages and assists creative endeavors conducive to the interests of the people that are made by citizens engaged in education, science, technology, literature, art and other cultural work.

第四十八條 中華人民共和國婦女在政治的、經濟的、文化的、社會的和家庭的生活等各方面享有同男子平等的權利。
Article 48 Women in the People's Republic of China enjoy equal rights with men in all spheres of life, in political, economic, cultural, social and family life.

國家保護婦女的權利和利益，實行男女同工同酬，培養(yǎng)和選拔婦女干部。
The state protects the rights and interests of women, applies the principle of equal pay for equal work to men and women alike and trains and selects cadres from among women.

第四十九條 婚姻、家庭、母親和兒童受國家的保護。
Article 49 Marriage, the family and mother and child are protected by the state.

夫妻雙方有實行計劃生育的義務。
Both husband and wife have the duty to practise family planning.

父母有撫養(yǎng)教育未成年子女的義務，成年子女有贍養(yǎng)扶助父母的義務。
Parents have the duty to rear and educate their children who are minors, and children who have come of age have the duty to support and assist their parents. Violation of the freedom of marriage is prohibited.

禁止破壞婚姻自由，禁止虐待老人、婦女和兒童。
Maltreatment of old people, women and children is prohibited.

第五十條 中華人民共和國保護華僑的正當?shù)臋嗬�和利益，保護歸僑和僑眷的合法的權利和利益。
Article 50 The People's Republic of China protects the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese nationals residing abroad and protects the lawful rights and interests of returned overseas Chinese and of the family members of Chinese nationals residing abroad.

第五十一條 中華人民共和國公民在行使自由和權利的時候，不得損害國家的、社會的、集體的利益和其他公民的合法的自由和權利。
Article 51 Citizens of the People's Republic of China, in exercising their freedoms and rights, may not infringe upon the interests of the state, of society or of the collective, or upon the lawful freedoms and rights of other citizens.

第五十二條 中華人民共和國公民有維護國家統(tǒng)一和全國各民族團結的義務。
Article 52 It is the duty of citizens of the People's Republic of China to safeguard the unification of the country and the unity of all its nationalities.

第五十三條 中華人民共和國公民必須遵守憲法和法律，保守國家秘密，愛護公共財產，遵守勞動紀律，遵守公共秩序，尊重社會公德。
Article 53 Citizens of the People's Republic of China must abide by the Constitution and the law, keep state secrets, protect public property, observe labour discipline and public order and respect social ethics.

第五十四條 中華人民共和國公民有維護祖國的安全、榮譽和利益的義務，不得有危害祖國的安全、榮譽和利益的行為。
Article 54 It is the duty of citizens of the People's Republic of China to safeguard the security, honour and interests of the motherland; they must not commit acts detrimental to the security, honour and interests of the motherland.

第五十五條 保衛(wèi)祖國、抵抗侵略是中華人民共和國每一個公民的神圣職責。
Article 55 It is the sacred duty of every citizen of the People's Republic of China to defend the motherland and resist aggression.

依照法律服兵役和參加民兵組織是中華人民共和國公民的光榮義務。
It is the honorable duty of citizens of the People's Republic of China to perform military service and join the militia in accordance with the law.

第五十六條 中華人民共和國公民有依照法律納稅的義務。
Article 56 It is duty of citizens of the People's Republic of China to pay taxes in accordance with the law.

第三章 國家機構 第一節(jié) 全國人民代表大會
Chapter III The Structure of the State Section 1 The National People's Congress

第五十七條 中華人民共和國全國人民代表大會是最高國家權力機關。它的常設機關是全國人民代表大會常務委員會。
Article 57 The National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China is the highest organ of state power. Its permanent body is the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.

第五十八條 全國人民代表大會和全國人民代表大會常務委員會行使國家立法權。
Article 58 The National People's Congress and its Standing Committee exercise the legislative power of the state.

第五十九條 全國人民代表大會由省、自治區(qū)、直轄市和軍隊選出的代表組成。各少數(shù)民族都應當有適當名額的代表。
Article 59 The National People's Congress is composed of deputies elected from the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government and of deputies elected from the armed forces. All the minority nationalities are entitled to appropriate representation.

全國人民代表大會代表的選舉由全國人民代表大會常務委員會主持。
Election of deputies to the National People's Congress is conducted by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.

全國人民代表大會代表名額和代表產生辦法由法律規(guī)定。
The number of deputies to the National People's Congress and the procedure of their election are prescribed by law.

第六十條 全國人民代表大會每屆任期五年。
Article 60 The National People's Congress is elected for a term of five years.

全國人民代表大會任期屆滿的兩個月以前，全國人民代表大會常務委員會必須完成下屆全國人民代表大會代表的選舉。
The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress must ensure the completion of election of deputies to the succeeding National People's Congress two months prior to the expiration of the term of office of the current National People's Congress.

如果遇到不能進行選舉的非常情況，由全國人民代表大會常務委員會以全體組成人員的三分之二以上的多數(shù)通過，可以推遲選舉，延長本屆全國人民代表大會的任期。
Should extraordinary circumstances prevent such an election, it may be postponed and the term of office of the current National People's Congress extended by the decision of a vote of more than two-thirds of all those on the Standing Committee of the current National People's Congress.

在非常情況結束后一年內，必須完成下屆全國人民代表大會代表的選舉。
The election of deputies to the succeeding National People's Congress must be completed within one year after the termination of such extraordinary circumstances.

第六十一條 全國人民代表大會會議每年舉行一次，由全國人民代表大會常務委員會召集。如果全國人民代表大會常務委員會認為必要，或者有五分之一以上的全國人民代表大會代表提議，可以臨時召集全國人民代表大會會議。
Article 61 The National People's Congress meets in session once a year and is convened by its Standing Committee. A session of the National People's Congress may be convened at any time the Standing Committee deems it necessary or when more than one-fifth of the deputies to the National People's Congress so propose.

全國人民代表大會舉行會議的時候，選舉主席團主持會議。
When the National People's Congress meets, it elects a Presidium to conduct its session.

第六十二條 全國人民代表大會行使下列職權：
Article 62 The National People's Congress exercises the following functions and powers:

（一）修改憲法；
(1) to amend the Constitution;

（二）監(jiān)督憲法的實施；
(2) to supervise the enforcement of the Constitution;

（三）制定和修改刑事、民事、國家機構的和其他的基本法律；
(3) to enact and amend basic laws governing criminal offences, civil affairs, the state organs and other matters;

（四）選舉中華人民共和國主席、副主席；
(4) to elect the President and the Vice-President of the People's Republic of China;

（五）根據中華人民共和國主席的提名，決定國務院總理的人選；根據國務院總理的提名，決定國務院副總理、國務委員、各部部長、各委員會主任、審計長、秘書長的人選；
(5) to decide on the choice of the Premier of the State Council upon nomination by the President of the People's Republic of China, and on the choice of the Vice-Premiers, State Councillors, Ministers in charge of ministries or commissions, the Auditor-General and the Secretary-General of the State Council upon nomination by the Premier;

（六）選舉中央軍事委員會主席；根據中央軍事委員會主席的提名，決定中央軍事委員會其他組成人員的人選；
(6) to elect the Chairman of the Central Military Commission and, upon nomination by the Chairman, to decide on the choice of all other members of the Central Military Commission;

（七）選舉最高人民法院院長；
(7) to elect the President of the Supreme People's Court;

（八）選舉最高人民檢察院檢察長；
(8) to elect the Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate;

（九）審查和批準國民經濟和社會發(fā)展計劃和計劃執(zhí)行情況的報告；
(9) to examine and approve the plan for national economic and social development and the report on its implementation;

（十）審查和批準國家的預算和預算執(zhí)行情況的報告；
(10) to examine and approve the state budget and the report on its implementation;

（十一）改變或者撤銷全國人民代表大會常務委員會不適當?shù)臎Q定；
(11) to alter or annul inappropriate decisions of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress;

（十二）批準省、自治區(qū)和直轄市的建置；
(12) to approve the establishment of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government;

（十三）決定特別行政區(qū)的設立及其制度；
(13) to decide on the establishment of special administrative regions and the systems to be instituted there;

（十四）決定戰(zhàn)爭和和平的問題；
(14) to decide on questions of war and peace;

（十五）應當由最高國家權力機關行使的其他職權。
and (15) to exercise such other functions and powers as the highest organ of state power should exercise.

第六十三條 全國人民代表大會有權罷免下列人員：
Article 63 The National People's Congress has the power to remove from office the following persons:

（一）中華人民共和國主席、副主席；
(1) the President and the Vice-President of the People's Republic of China;

（二）國務院總理、副總理、國務委員、各部部長、各委員會主任、審計長、秘書長；
(2) the Premier, Vice-Premiers, State Councillors, Ministers in charge of ministries or commissions, the Auditor-General and the Secretary-General of the State Council;

（三）中央軍事委員會主席和中央軍事委員會其他組成人員；
(3) the Chairman of the Central Military Commission and other members of the Commission;

（四）最高人民法院院長；
(4) the President of the Supreme People's Court;

（五）最高人民檢察院檢察長。
and (5) the Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate.

第六十四條 憲法的修改，由全國人民代表大會常務委員會或者五分之一以上的全國人民代表大會代表提議，并由全國人民代表大會以全體代表的三分之二以上的多數(shù)通過。
Article 64 Amendments to the Constitution are to be proposed by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress or by more than one-fifth of the deputies to the National People's Congress and adopted by a vote of more than two-thirds of all the deputies to the Congress.

法律和其他議案由全國人民代表大會以全體代表的過半數(shù)通過。
Laws and resolutions are to be adopted by a majority vote of all the deputies to the National People's Congress.

第六十五條 全國人民代表大會常務委員會由下列人員組成：
Article 65 The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is composed of the following:

委員長，副委員長若干人，秘書長，委員若干人。
the Chairman; the Vice-Chairmen; the Secretary-General; and the members.

全國人民代表大會常務委員會組成人員中，應當有適當名額的少數(shù)民族代表。
Minority nationalities are entitled to appropriate representation on the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.

全國人民代表大會選舉并有權罷免全國人民代表大會常務委員會的組成人員。
The National People's Congress elects, and has the power to recall, members of its Standing Committee.

全國人民代表大會常務委員會的組成人員不得擔任國家行政機關、審判機關和檢察機關的職務。
No one on the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress shall hold office in any of the administrative, judicial or procuratorial organs of the state.

第六十六條 全國人民代表大會常務委員會每屆任期同全國人民代表大會每屆任期相同，它行使職權到下屆全國人民代表大會選出新的常務委員會為止。
Article 66 The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is elected for the same term as the National People's Congress; it shall exercise its functions and powers until a new Standing Committee is elected by the succeeding National People's Congress.

委員長、副委員長連續(xù)任職不得超過兩屆。
The Chairman and Vice-Chairmen of the Standing Committee shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

第六十七條 全國人民代表大會常務委員會行使下列職權：
Article 67 The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress exercises the following functions and powers:

（一）解釋憲法，監(jiān)督憲法的實施；
(1) to interpret the Constitution and supervise its enforcement;

（二）制定和修改除應當由全國人民代表大會制定的法律以外的其他法律；
(2) to enact and amend laws, with the exception of those which should be enacted by the National People's Congress;

（三）在全國人民代表大會閉會期間，對全國人民代表大會制定的法律進行部分補充和修改，但是不得同該法律的基本原則相抵觸；
(3) to partially supplement and amend, when the National People's Congress is not in session, laws enacted by the National People's Congress provided that the basic principles of these laws are not contravened;

（四）解釋法律；
(4) to interpret laws;

（五）在全國人民代表大會閉會期間，審查和批準國民經濟和社會發(fā)展計劃、國家預算在執(zhí)行過程中所必須作的部分調整方案；
(5) to review and approve, when the National People's Congress is not in session, partial adjustments to the plan for national economic and social development or to the state budget that prove necessary in the course of their implementation;

（六）監(jiān)督國務院、中央軍事委員會、最高人民法院和最高人民檢察院的工作；
(6) to supervise the work of the State Council, the Central Military Commission, the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate;

（七）撤銷國務院制定的同憲法、法律相抵觸的行政法規(guī)、決定和命令；
(7) to annul those admin, istrative rules and regulations, decisions or orders of the State Council that contravene the Constitution or the law;

（八）撤銷省、自治區(qū)、直轄市國家權力機關制定的同憲法、法律和行政法規(guī)相抵觸的地方性法規(guī)和決議；
(8) to annul those local regulations or decisions of the organs of state power of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government that contravene the Constitution, the law or the administrative rules and regulations;

（九）在全國人民代表大會閉會期間，根據國務院總理的提名，決定部長、委員會主任、審計長、秘書長的人選；
(9) to decide, when the National People's Congress is not in session, on the choice of Ministers in charge of ministries or commissions, the Auditor-General or the Secretary-General of the State Council upon nomination by the Premier of the State Council;

（十）在全國人民代表大會閉會期間，根據中央軍事委員會主席的提名，決定中央軍事委員會其他組成人員的人選；
(10) to decide, upon nomination by the Chairman of the Central Military Commission, on the choice of other members of the Commission, when the National People's Congress is not in session;

（十一）根據最高人民法院院長的提請，任免最高人民法院副院長、審判員、審判委員會委員和軍事法院院長；
(11) to appoint or remove, at the recommendation of the President of the Supreme People's Court, the Vice-Presidents and Judges of the Supreme People's Court, members of its Judicial Committee and the President of the Military Court;

（十二）根據最高人民檢察院檢察長的提請，任免最高人民檢察院副檢察長、檢察員、檢察委員會委員和軍事檢察院檢察長，并且批準省、自治區(qū)、直轄市的人民檢察院檢察長的任免；
(12) to appoint or remove, at the recommendation of the Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate, the Deputy Procurators-General and procurators of the Supreme People's Procuratorate, members of its Procuratorial Committee and the Chief Procurator of the Military Procuratorate, and to approve the appointment or removal of the chief procurators of the people's procuratorates of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government;

（十三）決定駐外全權代表的任免；
(13) to decide on the appointment or recall of plenipotentiary representatives abroad;

（十四）決定同外國締結的條約和重要協(xié)定的批準和廢除；
(14) to decide on the ratification or abrogation of treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign states;

（十五）規(guī)定軍人和外交人員的銜級制度和其他專門銜級制度；
(15) to institute systems of titles and ranks for military and diplomatic personnel and of other specific titles and ranks;

（十六）規(guī)定和決定授予國家的勛章和榮譽稱號；
(16) to institute state medals and titles of honour and decide on their conferment;

（十七）決定特赦；
(17) to decide on the granting of special pardons;

（十八）在全國人民代表大會閉會期間，如果遇到國家遭受武裝侵犯或者必須履行國際間共同防止侵略的條約的情況，決定戰(zhàn)爭狀態(tài)的宣布；
(18) to decide, when the National People's Congress is not in session, on the proclamation of a state of war in the event of an armed attack on the country or in fulfillment of international treaty obligations concerning common defence against aggression;

（十九）決定全國總動員或者局部動員；
(19) to decide on general mobilization or partial mobilization;

（二十）決定全國或者個別省、自治區(qū)、直轄市的戒嚴；
(20) to decide on the imposition of martial law throughout the country or in particular provinces, autonomous regions, or municipalities directly under the Central Government;

（二十一）全國人民代表大會授予的其他職權。
and (21) to exercise such other functions and powers as the National People's Congress may assign to it.

第六十八條 全國人民代表大會常務委員會委員長主持全國人民代表大會常務委員會的工作，召集全國人民代表大會常務委員會會議。副委員長、秘書長協(xié)助委員長工作。
Article 68 The Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress directs the work of the Standing Committee and convenes its meetings. The Vice-Chairmen and the Secretary-General assist the Chairman in his work.

委員長、副委員長、秘書長組成委員長會議，處理全國人民代表大會常務委員會的重要日常工作。
The Chairman, the Vice-Chairmen and the Secretary-General constitute the Council of Chairmen which handles the important day-to-day work of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.

第六十九條 全國人民代表大會常務委員會對全國人民代表大會負責并報告工作。
Article 69 The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is responsible to the National People's Congress and reports on its work to the Congress.

第七十條 全國人民代表大會設立民族委員會、法律委員會、財政經濟委員會、教育科學文化衛(wèi)生委員會、外事委員會、華僑委員會和其他需要設立的專門委員會。
Article 70 The National People's Congress establishes a Nationalities Committee, a Law Committee, a Finance and Economic Committee, an Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee, a Foreign Affairs Committee, an Overseas Chinese Committee and such other special committees as are necessary.

在全國人民代表大會閉會期間，各專門委員會受全國人民代表大會常務委員會的領導。
These special committees work under the direction of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress when the Congress is not in session.

各專門委員會在全國人民代表大會和全國人民代表大會常務委員會領導下，研究、審議和擬訂有關議案。
The special committees examine, discuss and draw up relevant bills and draft resolutions under the direction of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee.

第七十一條 全國人民代表大會和全國人民代表大會常務委員會認為必要的時候，可以組織關于特定問題的調查委員會，并且根據調查委員會的報告，作出相應的決議。
Article 71 The National People's Congress and its Standing Committee may, when they deem it necessary, appoint committees of inquiry into specific questions and adopt relevant resolutions in the light of their reports.

調查委員會進行調查的時候，一切有關的國家機關、社會團體和公民都有義務向它提供必要的材料。
All organs of state, public organizations and citizens concerned are obliged to furnish necessary information to the committees of inquiry when they conduct investigations.

第七十二條 全國人民代表大會代表和全國人民代表大會常務委員會組成人員，有權依照法律規(guī)定的程序分別提出屬于全國人民代表大會和全國人民代表大會常務委員會職權范圍內的議案。
Article 72 Deputies to the National People's Congress and members of its Standing Committee have the right, in accordance with procedures prescribed by law, to submit bills and proposals within the scope of the respective functions and powers of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee.

第七十三條 全國人民代表大會代表在全國人民代表大會開會期間，全國人民代表大會常務委員會組成人員在常務委員會開會期間，有權依照法律規(guī)定的程序提出對國務院或者國務院各部、各委員會的質詢案。受質詢的機關必須負責答復。
Article 73 Deputies to the National People's Congress and members of the Standing Committee have the right, during the sessions of the Congress and the meetings of the Committee, to address questions, in accordance with procedures prescribed by law, to the State Council or the ministries and commissions under the State Council, which must answer the questions in a responsible manner.

第七十四條 全國人民代表大會代表，非經全國人民代表大會會議主席團許可，在全國人民代表大會閉會期間非經全國人民代表大會常務委員會許可，不受逮捕或者刑事審判。
Article 74 No deputy to the National People's Congress may be arrested or placed on criminal trial without the consent of the Presidium of the current session of the National People's Congress or, when the National People's Congress is not in session, without the consent of its Standing Committee.

第七十五條 全國人民代表大會代表在全國人民代表大會各種會議上的發(fā)言和表決，不受法律追究。
Article 75 Deputies to the National People's Congress may not be held legally liable for their speeches or votes at its meetings.

第七十六條 全國人民代表大會代表必須模范地遵守憲法和法律，保守國家秘密，并且在自己參加的生產、工作和社會活動中，協(xié)助憲法和法律的實施。
Article 76 Deputies to the National People's Congress must play an exemplary role in abiding by the Constitution and the law and keeping state secrets and, in public activities, production and other work, assist in the enforcement of the Constitution and the law.

全國人民代表大會代表應當同原選舉單位和人民保持密切的聯(lián)系，聽取和反映人民的意見和要求，努力為人民服務。
Deputies to the National People's Congress should maintain close contact with the units which elected them and with the people, heed and convey the opinions and demands of the people and work hard to serve them.

第七十七條 全國人民代表大會代表受原選舉單位的監(jiān)督。原選舉單位有權依照法律規(guī)定的程序罷免本單位選出的代表。
Article 77 Deputies to the National People's Congress are subject to supervision by the units which elected them. The electoral units have the power, through procedures prescribed by law, to recall deputies they elected.

第七十八條 全國人民代表大會和全國人民代表大會常務委員會的組織和工作程序由法律規(guī)定。
Article 78 The organization and working procedures of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee are prescribed by law.

第二節(jié) 中華人民共和國主席
Section 2 The President of the People's Republic of China

第七十九條 中華人民共和國主席、副主席由全國人民代表大會選舉。
Article 79 The President and Vice-President of the People's Republic of China are elected by the National People's Congress.

有選舉權和被選舉權的年滿四十五周歲的中華人民共和國公民可以被選為中華人民共和國主席、副主席。
Citizens of the People's Republic of China who have the right to vote and to stand for election and who have reached the age of 45 are eligible for election as President or Vice-President of the People's Republic of China.

中華人民共和國主席、副主席每屆任期同全國人民代表大會每屆任期相同，連續(xù)任職不得超過兩屆。
The term of office of the President and Vice-President of the People's Republic of China is the same as that of the National People's Congress, and they shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

第八十條 中華人民共和國主席根據全國人民代表大會的決定和全國人民代表大會常務委員會的決定，公布法律，任免國務院總理、副總理、國務委員、各部部長、各委員會主任、審計長、秘書長，授予國家的勛章和榮譽稱號，發(fā)布特赦令，發(fā)布戒嚴令，宣布戰(zhàn)爭狀態(tài)，發(fā)布動員令。
Article 80 The President of the People's Republic of China, in pursuance of the decisions of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee, promulgates statutes, appoints or removes the Premier, Vice-Premiers, State Councillors, Ministers in charge of ministries or commissions, the Auditor-General and the Secretary-General of the State Council; confers state medals and titles of honour; issues orders of special pardons; proclaims martial law; proclaims a state of war; and issues mobilization orders.

第八十一條 中華人民共和國主席代表中華人民共和國，接受外國使節(jié)；根據全國人民代表大會常務委員會的決定，派遣和召回駐外全權代表，批準和廢除同外國締結的條約和重要協(xié)定。
Article 81 The President of the People's Republic of China receives foreign diplomatic representatives on behalf of the People's Republic of China and, in pursuance of the decisions of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, appoints or recalls plenipotentiary representatives abroad, and ratifies or abrogates treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign states.

第八十二條 中華人民共和國副主席協(xié)助主席工作。
Article 82 The Vice-President of the People's Republic of China assists the President in his work.

中華人民共和國副主席受主席的委托，可以代行主席的部分職權。
The Vice-President of the People's Republic of China may exercise such functions and powers of the President as the President may entrust to him.

第八十三條 中華人民共和國主席、副主席行使職權到下屆全國人民代表大會選出的主席、副主席就職為止。
Article 83 The President and Vice-President of the People's Republic of China exercise their functions and powers until the new President and Vice- President elected by the succeeding National People's Congress assume office.

第八十四條 中華人民共和國主席缺位的時候，由副主席繼任主席的職位。
Article 84 In the event that the office of the President of the People's Republic of China falls vacant, the Vice-President succeeds to the office of the President.

中華人民共和國副主席缺位的時候，由全國人民代表大會補選。
In the event that the office of the Vice-President of the People's Republic of China falls vacant, the National People's Congress shall elect a new Vice-President to fill the vacancy.

中華人民共和國主席、副主席都缺位的時候，由全國人民代表大會補選；在補選以前，由全國人民代表大會常務委員會委員長暫時代理主席職位。
In the event that the office of both the President and the Vice-President of the People's Republic of China fall vacant, the National People's Congress shall elect a new President and a new Vice-President. Prior to such election, the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress shall temporarily act as the President of the People's Republic of China.

第三節(jié) 國務院
Section 3 The State Council

第八十五條 中華人民共和國國務院，即中央人民政府，是最高國家權力機關的執(zhí)行機關，是最高國家行政機關。
Article 85 The State Council, that is, the Central People's Government, of the People's Republic of China is the executive body of the highest organ of state power; it is the highest organ of state administration.

第八十六條 國務院由下列人員組成：
Article 86 The State Council is composed of the following:

總理，副總理若干人，國務委員若干人，各部部長，各委員會主任，審計長，秘書長，
the Premier; the Vice-Premiers; the State Councillors; the Ministers in charge of ministries; the Ministers in charge of commissions; the Auditor-General; and the Secretary-General.

國務院實行總理負責制。各部、各委員會實行部長、主任負責制。國務院的組織由法律規(guī)定。
The Premier assumes overall responsibility for the work of the State Council. The Ministers assume overall responsibility for the work of the ministries and commissions. The organization of the State Council is prescribed by law.

第八十七條 國務院每屆任期同全國人民代表大會每屆任期相同。
Article 87 The term of office of the State Council is the same as that of the National People's Congress.

總理、副總理、國務委員連續(xù)任職不得超過兩屆。
The Premier, Vice-Premiers and State Councillors shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

第八十八條 總理領導國務院的工作。副總理、國務委員協(xié)助總理工作。
Article 88 The Premier directs the work of the State Council. The Vice-Premiers and State Councillors assist the Premier in his work.

總理、副總理、國務委員、秘書長組成國務院常務會議。
Executive meetings of the State Council are to be attended by the Premier, the Vice-Premiers, the State Councillors and the Secretary-General of the State Council.

總理召集和主持國務院常務會議和國務院全體會議。
The Premier convenes and presides over the executive meetings and plenary meetings of the State Council.

第八十九條 國務院行使下列職權：
Article 89 The State Council exercises the following functions and powers:

（一）根據憲法和法律，規(guī)定行政措施，制定行政法規(guī)，發(fā)布決定和命令；
(1) to adopt administrative measures, enact administrative rules and regulations and issue decisions and orders in accordance with the Constitution and the law;

（二）向全國人民代表大會或者全國人民代表大會常務委員會提出議案；
(2) to submit proposals to the National People's Congress or its Standing Committee;

（三）規(guī)定各部和各委員會的任務和職責，統(tǒng)一領導各部和各委員會的工作，并且領導不屬于各部和各委員會的全國性的行政工作；
(3) to formulate the tasks and responsibilities of the ministries and commissions of the State Council, to exercise unified leadership over the work of the ministries and commissions and to direct all other administrative work of a national character that does not fall within the jurisdiction of the ministries and commissions;

（四）統(tǒng)一領導全國地方各級國家行政機關的工作，規(guī)定中央和省、自治區(qū)、直轄市的國家行政機關的職權的具體劃分；
(4) to exercise unified leadership over the work of local organs of state administration at various levels throughout the country, and to formulate the detailed division of functions and powers between the Central Government and the organs of state administration of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government;

（五）編制和執(zhí)行國民經濟和社會發(fā)展計劃和國家預算；
(5) to draw up and implement the plan for national economic and social development and the state budget;

（六）領導和管理經濟工作和城鄉(xiāng)建設；
(6) to direct and administer economic affairs and urban and rural development;

（七）領導和管理教育、科學、文化、衛(wèi)生、體育和計劃生育工作；
(7) to direct and administer the affairs of education, science, culture, public health, physical culture and family planning;

（八）領導和管理民政、公安、司法行政和監(jiān)察等工作；
(8) to direct and administer civil affairs, public security, judicial administration, supervision and other related matters;

（九）管理對外事務，同外國締結條約和協(xié)定；
(9) to conduct foreign affairs and conclude treaties and agreements with foreign states;

（十）領導和管理國防建設事業(yè)；
(10) to direct and administer the building of national defence;

（十一）領導和管理民族事務，保障少數(shù)民族的平等權利和民族自治地方的自治權利；
(11) to direct and administer affairs concerning the nationalities and to safeguard the equal rights of minority nationalities and the right to autonomy of the national autonomous areas;

（十二）保護華僑的正當?shù)臋嗬�和利益，保護歸僑和僑眷的合法的權利和利益；
(12) to protect the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese nationals residing abroad and protect the lawful rights and interests of returned overseas Chinese and of the family members of Chinese nationals residing abroad;

（十三）改變或者撤銷各部、各委員會發(fā)布的不適當?shù)拿�令、指示和�?guī)章；
(13) to alter or annul inappropriate orders, directives and regulations issued by the ministries or commissions;

（十四）改變或者撤銷地方各級國家行政機關的不適當?shù)臎Q定和命令；
(14) to alter or annul inappropriate decisions and orders issued by local organs of state administration at various levels;

（十五）批準省、自治區(qū)、直轄市的區(qū)域劃分，批準自治州、縣、自治縣、市的建置和區(qū)域劃分；
(15) to approve the geographic division of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, and to approve the establishment and geographic division of autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties, and cities;

（十六）決定省、自治區(qū)、直轄市的范圍內部分地區(qū)的戒嚴；
(16) to decide on the imposition of martial law in parts of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government;

（十七）審定行政機構的編制，依照法律規(guī)定任免、培訓、考核和獎懲行政人員；
(17) to examine and decide on the size of administrative organs and, in accordance with the law, to appoint or remove administrative officials, train them, appraise their performance and reward or punish them;

（十八）全國人民代表大會和全國人民代表大會常務委員會授予的其他職權。
and (18) to exercise such other functions and powers as the National People's Congress or its Standing Committee may assign to it.

第九十條 國務院各部部長、各委員會主任負責本部門的工作；召集和主持部務會議或者委員會會議、委務會議，討論決定本部門工作的重大問題。
Article 90 Ministers in charge of the ministries or commissions of the State Council are responsible for the work of their respective departments and they convene and preside over ministerial meetings or general and executive meetings of the commissions to discuss and decide on major issues in the work of their respective departments.

各部、各委員會根據法律和國務院的行政法規(guī)、決定、命令，在本部門的權限內，發(fā)布命令、指示和規(guī)章。
The ministries and commissions issue orders, directives and regulations within the jurisdiction of their respective departments and in accordance with the law and the administrative rules and regulations, decisions and orders issued by the State Council.

第九十一條 國務院設立審計機關，對國務院各部門和地方各級政府的財政收支，對國家的財政金融機構和企業(yè)事業(yè)組織的財務收支，進行審計監(jiān)督。
Article 91 The State Council establishes an auditing body to supervise through auditing the revenue and expenditure of all departments under the State Council and of the local governments at various levels, and the revenue and expenditure of all financial and monetary organizations, enterprises and institutions of the state.

審計機關在國務院總理領導下，依照法律規(guī)定獨立行使審計監(jiān)督權，不受其他行政機關、社會團體和個人的干涉。
Under the direction of the Premier of the State Council, the auditing body independently exercises its power of supervision through auditing in accordance with the law, subject to no interference by any other administrative organ or any public organization or individual.

第九十二條 國務院對全國人民代表大會負責并報告工作；在全國人民代表大會閉會期間，對全國人民代表大會常務委員會負責并報告工作。
Article 92 The State Council is responsible and reports on its work to the National People's Congress or, when the National People's Congress is not in session, to its Standing Committee.

第三章 國家機構 第四節(jié) 中央軍事委員會
Section 4 The Central Military Commission

第九十三條 中華人民共和國中央軍事委員會領導全國武裝力量。
Article 93 The Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China directs the armed forces of the country.

中央軍事委員會由下列人員組成：主席，副主席若干人，委員若干人，
The Central Military Commission is composed of the following: the Chairman; the Vice-Chairmen; and the members.

中央軍事委員會實行主席負責制。
The Chairman assumes overall responsibility for the work of the Central Military Commission.

中央軍事委員會每屆任期同全國人民代表大會每屆任期相同。
The term of office of the Central Military Commission is the same as that of the National People's Congress.

第九十四條 中央軍事委員會主席對全國人民代表大會和全國人民代表大會常務委員會負責。
Article 94 The Chairman of the Central Military Commission is responsible to the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee.

第三章 國家機構 第五節(jié) 地方各級人民代表大會 和地方各級人民政府
Section 5 The Local People's Congresses and Local People's Governments at Various Levels

第九十五條 省、直轄市、縣、市、市轄區(qū)、鄉(xiāng)、民族鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)設立人民代表大會和人民政府#.
Article 95 People's congresses and people's governments are established in provinces, municipalities directly under the Central Government, counties, cities, municipal districts, townships, nationality townships, and towns.

地方各級人民代表大會和地方各級人民政府的組織由法律規(guī)定。
The organization of local people's congresses and local people's governments at various levels is prescribed by law.

自治區(qū)、自治州、自治縣設立自治機關。自治機關的組織和工作根據憲法第三章第五節(jié)、第六節(jié)規(guī)定的基本原則由法律規(guī)定。
Organs of self-government are established in autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties. The organization and working procedures of organs of self-government are prescribed by law in accordance with the basic principles laid down in Sections 5 and 6 of Chapter III of the Constitution.

第九十六條 地方各級人民代表大會是地方國家權力機關。
Article 96 Local people's congresses at various levels are local organs of state power.

縣級以上的地方各級人民代表大會設立常務委員會。
Local people's congresses at and above the county level establish standing committees.

第九十七條 省、直轄市、設區(qū)的市的人民代表大會代表由下一級的人民代表大會選舉；縣、不設區(qū)的市、市轄區(qū)、鄉(xiāng)、民族鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)的人民代表大會代表由選民直接選舉。
Article 97 Deputies to the people's congresses of provinces, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities divided into districts are elected by the people's congresses at the next lower level; deputies to the people's congresses of counties, cities not divided into districts, municipal districts, townships, nationality townships, and towns are elected directly by their constituencies.

地方各級人民代表大會代表名額和代表產生辦法由法律規(guī)定。
The number of deputies to local people's congresses at various levels and the manner of their election are prescribed by law.

第九十八條 省、直轄市、設區(qū)的市的人民代表大會每屆任期五年。縣、不設區(qū)的市、市轄區(qū)、鄉(xiāng)、民族鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)的人民代表大會每屆任期三年。
Article 98 The term of office of the people's congresses of provinces, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities divided into districts is five years. The term of office of the people's congresses of counties, cities not divided into districts, municipal districts, townships, nationality townships, and towns is three years.

第九十九條 地方各級人民代表大會在本行政區(qū)域內，保證憲法、法律、行政法規(guī)的遵守和執(zhí)行；依照法律規(guī)定的權限，通過和發(fā)布決議，審查和決定地方的經濟建設、文化建設和公共事業(yè)建設的計劃。
Article 99 Local people's congresses at various levels ensure the observance and implementation of the Constitution and the law and the administrative rules and regulations in their respective administrative areas. Within the limits of their authority as prescribed by law, they adopt and issue resolutions and examine and decide on plans for local economic and cultural development and for the development of public services.

縣級以上的地方各級人民代表大會審查和批準本行政區(qū)域內的國民經濟和社會發(fā)展計劃、預算以及它們的執(zhí)行情況的報告；有權改變或者撤銷本級人民代表大會常務委員會不適當?shù)臎Q定。
Local people's congresses at and above the county level shall examine and approve the plans for economic and social development and the budgets of their respective administrative areas and examine and approve the reports on their implementation. They have the power to alter or annul inappropriate decisions of their own standing committees.

民族鄉(xiāng)的人民代表大會可以依照法律規(guī)定的權限采取適合民族特點的具體措施。
The people's congresses of nationality townships may, within the limits of their authority as prescribed by law, take specific measures suited to the characteristics of the nationalities concerned.

第一百條 省、直轄市的人民代表大會和它們的常務委員會，在不同憲法、法律、行政法規(guī)相抵觸的前提下，可以制定地方性法規(guī)，報全國人民代表大會常務委員會備案。
Article 100 The people's congresses of provinces and municipalities directly under the Central Government and their standing committees may adopt local regulations, which must not contravene the Constitution and the law and administrative rules and regulations, and they shall report such local regulations to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for the record.

第一百零一條 地方各級人民代表大會分別選舉并且有權罷免本級人民政府的省長和副省長、市長和副市長、縣長和副縣長、區(qū)長和副區(qū)長、鄉(xiāng)長和副鄉(xiāng)長、鎮(zhèn)長和副鎮(zhèn)長。
Article 101 Local people's congresses at their respective levels elect and have the power to recall governors and deputy governors, or mayors and deputy mayors, or heads and deputy heads of counties, districts, townships and towns.

縣級以上的地方各級人民代表大會選舉并且有權罷免本級人民法院院長和本級人民檢察院檢察長。選出或者罷免人民檢察院檢察長，須報上級人民檢察院檢察長提請該級人民代表大會常務委員會批準。
Local people's congresses at and above the county level elect, and have the power to recall, presidents of people's courts and chief procurators of people's procuratorates at the corresponding level. The election or recall of chief procurators of people's procuratorates shall be reported to the chief procurators of the people's procuratorates at the next higher level for submission to the standing committees of the people's congresses at the corresponding level for approval.

第一百零二條 省、直轄市、設區(qū)的市的人民代表大會代表受原選舉單位的監(jiān)督；縣、不設區(qū)的市、市轄區(qū)、鄉(xiāng)、民族鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)的人民代表大會代表受選民的監(jiān)督。
Article 102 Deputies to the people's congresses of provinces, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities divided into districts are subject to supervision by the units which elected them; deputies to the people's congresses of counties, cities not divided into districts, municipal districts, townships, nationality townships, and towns are subject to supervision by their constituencies.

地方各級人民代表大會代表的選舉單位和選民有權依照法律規(guī)定的程序罷免由他們選出的代表。
The electoral units and constituencies which elect deputies to local people's congresses at various levels have the power to recall the deputies according to procedures prescribed by law.

第一百零三條 縣級以上的地方各級人民代表大會常務委員會由主任、副主任若干人和委員若干人組成，對本級人民代表大會負責并報告工作。
Article 103 The standing committee of a local people's congress at and above the county level is composed of a chairman, vice-chairmen and members, and is responsible and reports on its work to the people's congress at the corresponding level.

縣級以上的地方各級人民代表大會選舉并有權罷免本級人民代表大會常務委員會的組成人員。
A local people's congress at or above the county level elects, and has the power to recall, members of its standing committee.

縣級以上的地方各級人民代表大會常務委員會的組成人員不得擔任國家行政機關、審判機關和檢察機關的職務。
No one on the standing committee of a local people's congress at or above the county level shall hold office in state administrative, judicial and procuratorial organs.

第一百零四條 縣級以上的地方各級人民代表大會常務委員會討論、決定本行政區(qū)域內各方面工作的重大事項；監(jiān)督本級人民政府、人民法院和人民檢察院的工作；
Article 104 The standing committee of a local people's congress at or above the county level discusses and decides on major issues in all fields of work in its administrative area; supervises the work of the people's government, people's court and people's procuratorate at the corresponding level;

撤銷本級人民政府的不適當?shù)臎Q定和命令；撤銷下一級人民代表大會的不適當?shù)臎Q議；依照法律規(guī)定的權限決定國家機關工作人員的任免；在本級人民代表大會閉會期間，罷免和補選上一級人民代表大會的個別代表。
annuls inappropriate decisions and orders of the people's government at the corresponding level; annuls inappropriate resolutions of the people's congress at the next lower level; decides on the appointment or removal of functionaries of state organs within the limits of its authority as prescribed by law; and, when the people's congress at the corresponding level is not in session, recalls individual deputies to the people's congress at the next higher level and elects individual deputies to fill vacancies in that people's congress.

第一百零五條 地方各級人民政府是地方各級國家權力機關的執(zhí)行機關，是地方各級國家行政機關。
Article 105 Local people's governments at various levels are the executive bodies of local organs of state power as well as the local organs of state administration at the corresponding levels.

地方各級人民政府實行省長、市長、縣長、區(qū)長、鄉(xiāng)長、鎮(zhèn)長負責制。
Governors, mayors and heads of counties, districts, townships and towns assume overall responsibility for local people's governments at various levels.

第一百零六條 地方各級人民政府每屆任期同本級人民代表大會每屆任期相同。
Article 106 The term of office of local people's governments at various levels is the same as that of the people's congresses at the corresponding levels.

第一百零七條 縣級以上地方各級人民政府依照法律規(guī)定的權限，管理本行政區(qū)域內的經濟、教育、科學、文化、衛(wèi)生、體育事業(yè)、城鄉(xiāng)建設事業(yè)和財政、民政、公安、民族事務、司法行政、監(jiān)察、計劃生育等行政工作，發(fā)布決定和命令，任免、培訓、考核和獎懲行政工作人員。
Article 107 Local people's governments at and above the county level, within the limits of their authority as prescribed by law, conduct administrative work concerning the economy, education, science, culture, public health, physical culture, urban and rural development, finance, civil affairs, public security, nationalities affairs, judicial administration, supervision and family planning in their respective administrative areas; issue decisions and orders; appoint or remove administrative functionaries, train them, appraise their performance and reward or punish them.

鄉(xiāng)、民族鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)的人民政府執(zhí)行本級人民代表大會的決議和上級國家行政機關的決定和命令，管理本行政區(qū)域內的行政工作。
People's governments of townships, nationality townships, and towns execute the resolutions of the people's congresses at the corresponding levels as well as the decisions and orders of the state administrative organs at the next higher level and conduct administrative work in their respective administrative areas.

省、直轄市的人民政府決定鄉(xiāng)、民族鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)的建置和區(qū)域劃分。
People's governments of provinces and municipalities directly under the Central Government decide on the establishment and geographic division of townships, nationality townships, and towns.

第一百零八條 縣級以上的地方各級人民政府領導所屬各工作部門和下級人民政府的工作，有權改變或者撤銷所屬各工作部門和下級人民政府的不適當?shù)臎Q定。
Article 108 Local people's governments at and above the county level direct the work of their subordinate departments and of people's governments at lower levels, and have the power to alter or annul inappropriate decisions of their subordinate departments and of the people's governments at lower levels.

第一百零九條 縣級以上的地方各級人民政府設立審計機關。地方各級審計機關依照法律規(guī)定獨立行使審計監(jiān)督權，對本級人民政府和上一級審計機關負責。
Article 109 Auditing bodies are established by local people's governments at and above the county level. Local auditing bodies at various levels independently exercise their power of supervision through auditing in accordance with the law and are responsible to the people's government at the corresponding level and to the auditing body at the next higher level.

第一百一十條 地方各級人民政府對本級人民代表大會負責并報告工作。縣級以上的地方各級人民政府在本級人民代表大會閉會期間，對本級人民代表大會常務委員會負責并報告工作。
Article 110 Local people's governments at various levels are responsible and report on their work to people's congresses at the corresponding levels. Local people's governments at and above the county level are responsible and report on their work to the standing committees of the people's congresses at the corresponding levels when the congresses are not in session.

地方各級人民政府對上一級國家行政機關負責并報告工作。
Local people's governments at various levels are responsible and report on their work to the state administrative organs at the next higher level.

全國地方各級人民政府都是國務院統(tǒng)一領導下的國家行政機關，都服從國務院。
Local people's governments at various levels throughout the country are state administrative organs under the unified leadership of the State Council and are subordinate to it.

第一百一十一條 城市和農村按居民居住地區(qū)設立的居民委員會或者村民委員會是基層群眾性自治組織。居民委員會、村民委員會的主任、副主任和委員由居民選舉。居民委員會、村民委員會同基層政權的相互關系由法律規(guī)定。
Article 111 The residents committees and villagers committees established among urban and rural residents on the basis of their place of residence are mass organizations of self-management at the grass-roots level. The chairman, vice-chairmen and members of each residents or villagers committee are elected by the residents. The relationship between the residents and villagers committees and the grass-roots organs of state power is prescribed by law.

居民委員會、村民委員會設人民調解、治安保衛(wèi)、公共衛(wèi)生等委員會，辦理本居住地區(qū)的公共事務和公益事業(yè)，調解民間糾紛，協(xié)助維護社會治安，并且向人民政府反映群眾的意見、要求和提出建議。
The residents and villagers committees establish sub-committees for people's mediation, public security, public health and other matters in order to manage public affairs and social services in their areas, mediate civil disputes, help maintain public order and convey residents opinions and demands and make suggestions to the people's government.

第三章 國家機構 第六節(jié) 民族自治地方的自治機關
Section 6 The Organs of Self-Government of National Autonomous Areas

第一百一十二條 民族自治地方的自治機關是自治區(qū)、自治州、自治縣的人民代表大會和人民政府。
Article 112 The organs of self-government of national autonomous areas are the people's congresses and people's governments of autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties.

第一百一十三條 自治區(qū)、自治州、自治縣的人民代表大會中，除實行區(qū)域自治的民族的代表外，其他居住在本行政區(qū)域內的民族也應當有適當名額的代表。
Article 113 In the people's congress of an autonomous region, autonomous prefecture or autonomous county, in addition to the deputies of the nationality exercising regional autonomy in the administrative area, the other nationalities inhabiting the area are also entitled to appropriate representation.

自治區(qū)、自治州、自治縣的人民代表大會常務委員會中應當有實行區(qū)域自治的民族的公民擔任主任或者副主任。
Among the chairman and vice-chairmen of the standing committee of the people's congress of an autonomous region, autonomous prefecture or autonomous county there shall be one or more citizens of the nationality or nationalities exercising regional autonomy in the area concerned.

第一百一十四條 自治區(qū)主席、自治州州長、自治縣縣長由實行區(qū)域自治的民族的公民擔任。
Article 114 The chairman of an autonomous region, the prefect of an autonomous prefecture or the head of an autonomous county shall be a citizen of the nationality exercising regional autonomy in the area concerned.

第一百一十五條 自治區(qū)、自治州、自治縣的自治機關行使憲法第三章第五節(jié)規(guī)定的地方國家機關的職權，同時依照憲法、民族區(qū)域自治法和其他法律規(guī)定的權限行使自治權，根據本地方實際情況貫徹執(zhí)行國家的法律、政策。
Article 115 The organs of self-government of autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties exercise the functions and powers of local organs of state as specified in Section 5 of Chapter III of the Constitution. At the same time, they exercise the power of autonomy within the limits of their authority as prescribed by the Constitution, the Law of the People's Republic of China on Regional National Autonomy and other laws and implement the laws and policies of the state in the light of the existing local situation.

第一百一十六條 民族自治地方的人民代表大會有權依照當?shù)孛褡宓恼�治、經濟和文化的特點，制定自治條例和單行條例。
Article 116 The people's congresses of national autonomous areas have the power to enact regulations on the exercise of autonomy and other separate regulations in the light of the political, economic and cultural characteristics of the nationality or nationalities in the areas concerned.

自治區(qū)的自治條例和單行條例，報全國人民代表大會常務委員會批準后生效。自治州、自治縣的自治條例和單行條例，報省或者自治區(qū)的人民代表大會常務委員會批準后生效，并報全國人民代表大會常務委員會備案。
The regulations on the exercise of autonomy and other separate regulations of autonomous regions shall be submitted to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for approval before they go into effect. Those of autonomous prefectures and counties shall be submitted to the standing committee of the people's congresses of provinces or autonomous regions for approval before they go into effect, and they shall be reported to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for the record.

第一百一十七條 民族自治地方的自治機關有管理地方財政的自治權。凡是依照國家財政體制屬于民族自治地方的財政收入，都應當由民族自治地方的自治機關自主地安排使用。
Article 117 The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas have the power of autonomy in administering the finances of their areas. All revenues accruing to the national autonomous areas under the financial system of the state shall be managed and used by the organs of self- government of those areas on their own.

第一百一十八條 民族自治地方的自治機關在國家計劃的指導下，自主地安排和管理地方性的經濟建設事業(yè)。
Article 118 The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas independently arrange for and administer local economic development under the guidance of state plans.

國家在民族自治地方開發(fā)資源、建設企業(yè)的時候，應當照顧民族自治地方的利益。
In exploiting natural resources and building enterprises in the national autonomous areas, the state shall give due consideration to the interests of those areas.

第一百一十九條 民族自治地方的自治機關自主地管理本地方的教育、科學、文化、衛(wèi)生、體育事業(yè)，保護和整理民族的文化遺產，發(fā)展和繁榮民族文化。
Article 119 The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas independently administer educational, scientific, cultural, public health and physical culture affairs in their respective areas, protect and sift through the cultural heritage of the nationalities and work for a vigorous development of their cultures.

第一百二十條 民族自治地方的自治機關依照國家的軍事制度和當?shù)氐膶嶋H需要，經國務院批準，可以組織本地方維護社會治安的公安部隊。
Article 120 The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas may, in accordance with the military system of the state and practical local needs and with the approval of the State Council, organize local public security forces for the maintenance of public order.

第一百二十一條 民族自治地方的自治機關在執(zhí)行職務的時候，依照本民族自治地方自治條例的規(guī)定，使用當?shù)赝ㄓ玫囊环N或者幾種語言文字。
Article 121 In performing their functions, the organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas, in accordance with the regulations on the exercise of autonomy in those areas, employ the spoken and written language or languages in common use in the locality.

第一百二十二條 國家從財政、物資、技術等方面幫助各少數(shù)民族加速發(fā)展經濟建設和文化建設事業(yè)。
Article 122 The state provides financial, material and technical assistance to the minority nationalities to accelerate their economic and cultural development.

國家?guī)椭�民族自治地方從當�(shù)孛褡逯写罅颗囵B(yǎng)各級干部、各種專業(yè)人才和技術工人。
The state helps the national autonomous areas train large numbers of cadres at various levels and specialized personnel and skilled workers of various professions and trades from among the nationality or nationalities in those areas.

第三章 國家機構 第七節(jié) 人民法院和人民檢察院
Section 7 The People's Courts and the People's Procuratorates

第一百二十三條 中華人民共和國人民法院是國家的審判機關。
Article 123 The people's courts of the People's Republic of China are the judicial organs of the state.

第一百二十四條 中華人民共和國設立最高人民法院、地方各級人民法院和軍事法院等專門人民法院。
Article 124 The People's Republic of China establishes the Supreme People's Court and the people's courts at various local levels, military courts and other special people's courts.

最高人民法院院長每屆任期同全國人民代表大會每屆任期相同，連續(xù)任職不得超過兩屆。
The term of office of the President of the Supreme People's Court is the same as that of the National People's Congress. The President shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

人民法院的組織由法律規(guī)定。
The organization of the people's courts is prescribed by law.

第一百二十五條 人民法院審理案件，除法律規(guī)定的特別情況外，一律公開進行。被告人有權獲得辯護。
Article 125 Except in special circumstances as specified by law, all cases in the people's courts are heard in public. The accused has the right to defence.

第一百二十六條 人民法院依照法律規(guī)定獨立行使審判權，不受行政機關、社會團體和個人的干涉。
Article 126 The people's courts exercise judicial power independently, in accordance with the provisions of the law, and are not subject to interference by any administrative organ, public organization or individual.

第一百二十七條 最高人民法院是最高審判機關。
Article 127 The Supreme People's Court is the highest judicial organ.

最高人民法院監(jiān)督地方各級人民法院和專門人民法院的審判工作，上級人民法院監(jiān)督下級人民法院的審判工作。
The Supreme People's Court supervises the administration of justice by the people's courts at various local levels and by the special people's courts. People's courts at higher levels supervise the administration of justice by those at lower levels.

第一百二十八條 最高人民法院對全國人民代表大會和全國人民代表大會常務委員會負責。地方各級人民法院對產生它的國家權力機關負責。
Article 128 The Supreme People's Court is responsible to the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee. Local people's courts at various levels are responsible to the organs of state power which created them.

第一百二十九條 中華人民共和國人民檢察院是國家的法律監(jiān)督機關。
Article 129 The people's procuratorates of the People's Republic of China are state organs for legal supervision.

第一百三十條 中華人民共和國設立最高人民檢察院、地方各級人民檢察院和軍事檢察院等專門人民檢察院。
Article 130 The People's Republic of China establishes the Supreme People's Procuratorate and the people's procuratorates at various local levels, military procuratorates and other special people's procuratorates.

最高人民檢察院檢察長每屆任期同全國人民代表大會每屆任期相同，連續(xù)任職不得超過兩屆。
The term of office of the Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate is the same as that of the National People's Congress; the Procurator-General shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

人民檢察院的組織由法律規(guī)定。
The organization of the people's procuratorates is prescribed by law.

第一百三十一條 人民檢察院依照法律規(guī)定獨立行使檢察權，不受行政機關、社會團體和個人的干涉。
Article 131 The people's procuratorates exercise procuratorial power independently, in accordance with the provisions of the law, and are not subject to interference by any administrative organ, public organization or individual.

第一百三十二條 最高人民檢察院是最高檢察機關。
Article 132 The Supreme People's Procuratorate is the highest procuratorial organ.

最高人民檢察院領導地方各級人民檢察院和專門人民檢察院的工作，上級人民檢察院領導下級人民檢察院的工作。
The Supreme People's Procuratorate directs the work of the people's procuratorates at various local levels and of the special people's procuratorates. People's procuratorates at higher levels direct the work of those at lower levels.

第一百三十三條 最高人民檢察院對全國人民代表大會和全國人民代表大會常務委員會負責。地方各級人民檢察院對產生它的國家權力機關和上級人民檢察院負責。
Article 133 The Supreme People's Procuratorate is responsible to the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee. People's procuratorates at various local levels are responsible to the organs of state power which created them and to the people's procuratorates at higher levels.

第一百三十四條 各民族公民都有用本民族語言文字進行訴訟的權利。人民法院和人民檢察院對于不通曉當?shù)赝ㄓ玫恼Z言文字的訴訟參與人，應當為他們翻譯。
Article 134 Citizens of all China's nationalities have the right to use their native spoken and written languages in court proceedings. The people's courts and people's procuratorates should provide translation for any party to the court proceedings who is not familiar with the spoken or written languages commonly used in the locality.

在少數(shù)民族聚居或者多民族共同居住的地區(qū)，應當用當?shù)赝ㄓ玫恼Z言進行審理；起訴書、判決書、布告和其他文書應當根據實際需要使用當?shù)赝ㄓ玫囊环N或者幾種文字。
In an area where people of a minority nationality live in a concentrated community or where a number of nationalities live together, court hearings should be conducted in the language or languages commonly used in the locality; indictments, judgments, notices and other documents should be written, according to actual needs, in the language or languages commonly used in the locality.

第一百三十五條 人民法院、人民檢察院和公安機關辦理刑事案件，應當分工負責，互相配合，互相制約，以保證準確有效地執(zhí)行法律。
Article 135 The people's courts, the people's procuratorates and the public security organs shall, in handling criminal cases, divide their functions, each taking responsibility for its own work, and they shall coordinate their efforts and check each other to ensure the correct and effective enforcement of the law.

第四章 國旗、國徽、首都
Chapter IV The National Flag, the National Emblem and the Capital

第一百三十六條 中華人民共和國國旗是五星紅旗。
Article 136 The national flag of the People's Republic of China is a red flag with five stars.

第一百三十七條 中華人民共和國國徽，中間是五星照耀下的天安門，周圍是谷穗和齒輪。
Article 137 The national emblem of the People's Republic of China consists of an image of Tian'anmen in its centre illuminated by five stars and encircled by ears of grain and a cogwheel.

第一百三十八條 中華人民共和國首都是北京。
Article 138 The capital of the People's Republic of China is Beijing.